Huiwen Zhang

The Qinling Mountains, known for high forest cover and multiple ecosystem services (ES), present significant potential for advancing ecological management (EM) paradigms. However, existing studies on matching long-term ES sequences with governance units remain limited. By quantifying the assemblage and clustering patterns of ecosystems in the Qinling Mountains over forty years, this study was innovative in analyzing changes in long-term ecosystem interactions and the impact of spatialization drivers, enhancing the significance of administrative-scale adaptations for sustained conservation and EM strategies. The results showed an increasing trend in the multiple ES Landscape Index (MESLI) since 2000. Spatialized trend analysis showed that the MESLI increased by 58.8% in the east. Moreover, the potential of ES bundles (ESB) in matching ecological management scales was demonstrated. Three ESBs were identified at different administrative levels and townships were more responsive to ESB changes. The composite ESB 1 dominated at 50.2%, and ESB 2 exhibited an upward trend. Additionally, spatial analysis of long-term drivers revealed the underlying causes of local ES degradation. Climate change had region-wide impacts, while natural and anthropogenic factors contributed to localized degradation. These findings emphasize the critical role of spatiotemporal analysis in shaping township-level EM strategies in multi-ES regions, providing feasible guidance for accurately enhancing localized management.

To study the impact of land—use structure and landscape pattern on water quality at different spatial scales in the Dan River Basin (Qin Ling Mountains, China), water samples from 21 sites along the Dan River were collected in 2022 during the dry and wet seasons, and nine water quality indices were tested. Land—use composition and landscape pattern indices at riverine reach, riparian, and sub—basin were obtained, and correlation analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) were used to determine the relationship with water quality. The results are as follows. (1) Water quality in the Dan River is better in the wet season than in the dry season; the main pollutants are total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). (2) The impact of land—use composition and landscape pattern on water quality has a scale effect; riverine reach can best explain the water quality. (3) Agricultural land and forest have the greatest impacts on water quality; agricultural land and construction land aggravate the deterioration of water quality, while forest, grassland, and water area have positive effects on water quality. The largest patch index (LPI) and contagion index (CONTAG) were positively correlated with pollutants, while Patch richness density (PRD), Patch shape (PD), Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI), and landscape shape index (LSI) were negatively correlated with pollutants, indicating that with an increase in the impact of human activities on landscapes, the degree of fragmentation decreases patch richness, landscape shape tends to be simplified, and water pollution is eventually aggravated. Land planners should focus on optimizing the land—use structure and landscape pattern to increase the diversity of the landscape. Therefore, strict environmental regulations must be established.