Clément Leloup

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse contraignent les paramètres d'un modèle de cosmologie, le modèle du galileon, et d'un modèle de physique des particules, le modèle du branon, qui sont des extensions des modèles standards. Ces modèles, qui supposent l'existence d'un champ scalaire additionnel et peuvent trouver leurs origines dans les théories à dimensions supplémentaires, offrent des explications élégantes aux questions de la nature de l'énergie noire et de la matière noire respectivement. La première partie de cette thèse présente les prédictions du modèle du galileon et les résultats obtenus par leur comparaison aux observations cosmologiques et astrophysiques récentes. Cette étude montre que le modèle du galileon a de sérieuses difficultés à reproduire ces observations, qui regroupent le fond diffus cosmologique, les mesures liées aux distances cosmologiques, et l'observation d'un évènement par ondes gravitationnelles et contrepartie électromagnétique. La seconde partie décrit la recherche de branons dans les collisions proton-proton enregistrées en 2016 par le Solénoïde Compact à Muons au Grand Collisionneur de Hadrons, à une énergie dans le centre de masse de 13 TeV. Des évènements qui présentent un jet de haute énergie, produit par un quark ou gluon ou bien par désintégration hadronique d'un boson vecteur, et de l'énergie transverse manquante dans l'état final sont sélectionnés et comparés aux estimations pour les évènements de bruits de fond. Aucun excès d'évènements n'est observé, ce qui permet de poser des contraintes sur les valeurs possibles des paramètres du modèle du branon.

We present the experimental characterization of energy loss in a rotation mechanism using a superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB), designed for the polarimeter of a cosmic microwave background polarization experiment. The design specification aims to achieve mW-level heat dissipation at 5 K with a rotation speed of 46 rpm. We estimated the heat dissipation from the SMB-based rotation mechanism, constructed a loss-mechanism model, and narrowed down the causes of the loss. The results indicate that the loss is predominantly caused by eddy currents in the drive mechanism.

We present a study of the impact of a beam far side-lobe lack of knowledge on the measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background B-mode signal at large scale. Beam far side-lobes induce a mismatch in the transfer function of Galactic foregrounds between the dipole and higher multipoles which degrads the performances of component separation methods. This leads to foreground residuals in the CMB map. It is expected to be one of the main source of systematic effects in future CMB polarization observations. Thus, it becomes crucial for all-sky survey missions to take into account the interplays between beam systematic effects and all the data analysis steps. LiteBIRD is the ISAS/JAXA second strategic large-class satellite mission and is dedicated to target the measurement of CMB primordial B modes by reaching a sensitivity on the tensor-to-scalar ratio r of σ(r) ≤ 10^-3 assuming r = 0. The primary goal of this paper is to provide the methodology and develop the framework to carry out the end-to-end study of beam far side-lobe effects for a space-borne CMB experiment. We introduce uncertainties in the beam model, and propagate the beam effects through all the steps of the analysis pipeline, most importantly including component separation, up to the cosmological results in the form of a bias δr. As a demonstration of our framework, we derive requirements on the calibration and modeling for the LiteBIRD's beams under given assumptions on design, simulation, component separation method and allocated error budget. In particular, we assume a parametric method of component separation with no mitigation of the far side-lobes effect at any stage of the analysis pipeline. We show that δr is mostly due to the integrated fractional power difference between the estimated beams and the true beams in the far side-lobes region, with little dependence on the actual shape of the beams, for low enough δr. Under our set of assumptions, in particular considering the specific foreground cleaning method we used, we find that the integrated fractional power in the far side-lobes should be known at the level of ∼ 10^-4, to achieve the required limit on the bias δr < 1.9 × 10^-5. The framework and tools developed for this study can be easily adapted to provide requirements under different design, data analysis frameworks and for other future space-borne experiments, such as PICO or CMB-Bharat. We further discuss the limitations of this framework and potential extensions to circumvent them.

The DBI-Galileon model is a scalar-tensor theory of gravity which is defined as the most general theory of the dynamics of a 4D brane embedded in a 5D bulk. It is of particular interest as it introduces only a few free parameters, all with a clear physical meaning, such as the brane tension which is related to the cosmological constant. From the tight constraints on the gravitational waves speed, we are naturally led to consider the non-relativistic limit of the model where the kinetic energy of the brane is small compared to its tension, that we study in the context of late-time cosmology. We show that the Dirac–Born–Infeld-Galileon in the non-relativistic limit is an expansion around General Relativity which can be expressed as a shift-symmetric Horndeski theory. We develop the description of this theory at the background and perturbation level. However, by studying the scalar and tensor perturbations around a flat FLRW background, we find that they contain a ghost degree of freedom leading to a fatal instability of the vacuum for every combination of the free parameters. In order to avoid it in the more general cases of shift-symmetric Horndeski theories, we emphasize which of the Horndeski terms are in competition to produce this instability.