Ibrahim I. Ikhries

Medical image segmentation algorithms play a crucial role in assisting healthcare professionals with disease identification, research, and diagnosis. Numerous digital image segmentation methods have been developed, with multilevel thresholding techniques consistently outperforming others in terms of evaluation metrics. The standard algorithms include classical statistical methods, such as the Otsu and Kapur methods, which yield highly accurate results. However, when applied to multilevel thresholding, these methods incur significant computational costs, presenting an optimization challenge. In this work, a set of well-known optimization algorithms is integrated with Otsu’s method to assess their effectiveness in reducing computational demands while preserving optimal segmentation quality. Experiments are conducted on publicly available datasets, including chest images with associated clinical and genomic data. This work evaluates the performance of each optimization algorithm in combination with Otsu's method, highlighting those that achieve substantial reductions in computational cost and convergence time while maintaining a competitive level of segmentation quality.

Disposing of plastic water bottles contributes to environmental pollution and waste buildup. Choosing recycling options helps mitigate these adverse impacts and supports a more sustainable approach to waste management. Polyethylene terephthalate constitutes the primary component in water bottles. This study focuses on a water bottle design model, subjecting it to simulations that replicate stresses encountered during storage, transportation, and usage. Polyethylene terephthalate bottles successfully underwent stress analysis, surpassing all stipulated requirements, the results indicate stress values below the yield point and safety factors exceeding one. This affirms the product’s superior quality and its ability to withstand even the most rigorous conditions. The analysis further identified peak stress values (59.819, 65.124, and 34.330 MPa) in distinct scenarios, noting that the bottle may incur damage beyond the critical vertical load of 88.4 N. These findings underscore the efficacy of the proposed process in validating stresses in water bottles pre-manufacture. Consequently, this approach aids in waste reduction and addresses environmental challenges associated with recycling, including resource and energy consumption, contamination, and inefficiencies in recycling systems. In essence, this study constitutes a substantial contribution to the realm of sustainable bottle design. It stands out as one of the few comprehensive investigations into the structural impact on the durability and sustainability of water bottles. This research has the potential to emerge as a significant advancement in the development of more environmentally friendly bottle designs.