M. Ibrahim Mirza

The LEGEND Collaboration is searching for neutrinoless double-beta ( 0 ν β β ) decay by operating high-purity germanium detectors enriched in Ge 76 in a low-background liquid argon environment. Building on key technological innovations from the GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) experiment and the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR experiment, LEGEND-200 has performed a first 0 ν β β decay search based on 61.0 kg yr of data. Over half of this exposure comes from our highest performing detectors, including newly developed inverted-coaxial detectors, and is characterized by an estimated background level of 0.5 − 0.2 + 0.3 cts / ( keV ton yr ) in the 0 ν β β decay signal region. A combined analysis of data from GERDA, the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR, and LEGEND-200, characterized by a 90% confidence level exclusion sensitivity of 2.8 × 10 26 yr on the half-life of 0 ν β β decay, reveals no evidence for a signal and sets a new observed lower limit at T 1 / 2 0 ν > 1.9 × 10 26 yr (90% confidence level). Assuming the decay is mediated by Majorana neutrinos, this corresponds to an upper limit on the effective Majorana mass in the range m β β < 75 – 200 meV , depending on the adopted nuclear matrix element.

Neutrino masses are yet unknown. We discuss the present state of effective electron antineutrino mass from decay experiments; effective Majorana neutrino mass from neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments; neutrino mass squared differences from neutrino oscillation: solar, atmospheric, reactor, and accelerator-based experiments; sum of neutrino masses from cosmological observations. Current experimental challenges in the determination of neutrino masses are briefly discussed. The main focus is devoted to contemporary experiments.