Abdus Samadd

Uraria rufescens is traditionally used in Bangladesh for fever and inflammation, yet its phyto‐pharmacological profile was not explored adequately. This investigation exerted the phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities of its leaves methanolic extractives (URME), focusing on in vitro antioxidant and thrombolytic, along with in vivo anxiolytic, antidepressant and analgesic effects. Phytochemical screening was conducted via various chemical tests, whereas secondary molecules were isolated using chromatographic techniques and identified by ¹ H NMR spectroscopy. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Thrombolytic activity was determined by clot lysis. In vivo studies assessed antidepressant effects through forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), anxiolytic activity by the elevated plus maze (EPM) and hole‐board test (HBT), and analgesic effects by acetic acid‐induced writhing and formalin‐induced paw licking models. Screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, steroids and terpenoids. Seven compounds were isolated and identified for the first time from U. rufescens leaves: trans ‐sinapic acid 1 , fisetin 2 , oleanolic acid 3 , aesculin 4 , taraxerone 5 , sitogluside 6 and syringaresinol 7 . The ethyl acetate fraction showed strong antioxidant activity (IC ₅₀ = 32.78 µg/mL), whereas the chloroform fraction had the highest TPC (742.24 mg GAE/g) and TFC (703.15 mg QE/g). The aqueous fraction demonstrated notable thrombolytic activity (52.03%). URME significantly reduced immobility in FST and TST, indicating strong antidepressant effects. In EPM and HBT, URME moderately enhanced open‐arm time (41.8 s) and head dips (36.8 s). URME also produced dose‐dependent analgesic activity in both central and peripheral models. The plant contains various phenolic compounds and exhibits strong antioxidant and thrombolytic activities, as well as dose‐dependent antidepressant and analgesic effects with moderate anxiolytic potential. Further studies are needed to isolate bioactive molecules and clarify mechanisms.

Objective: The investigation aimed to reveal in-vivo therapeutic efficacy of the D. trifoliata 's leaves ethyl acetate extract (EACE) in mice model in addition to the isolation and detection of phyto-molecules. Methods and materials: Phyto-molecules were isolated through chromatographic techniques and detected via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approaches. Tail immersion, and acetic acid-induced writhing method were used for central and peripheral analgesic, respectively, whereas hypoglycemic and CNS depression efficacy were evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test, and thiopental-induced test, respectively. The 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg b.w. doses of EACE were used for all in vivo experiments. Results: Four different compounds (4-hydroxy benzoic acid A , kaempferol B , Baicalein C , stigmasterol D ) were detected via NMR technique, where A and C were firstly isolated molecules from this species. The 600 mg/kg b.w. significantly prolonged reaction times (14.07 ± 0.44 s at 90 min; p < 0.001), confirming strong central analgesic activity. In the peripheral analgesic model, it produced a prominent dose-dependent efficacy with 34.91%, 58.49%, and 65.03% inhibition at 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg, respectively. The EACE also exerted a significant antidiarrheal activity (82.20% inhibition at 600 mg/kg b.w.). In the hypoglycemic assay, the extract elicited mild glucose-lowering effects, the highest reduction observed at 600 mg/kg (4.90 ± 0.42 mmol/L at 90 min). Additionally, CNS depressant activity was at moderate level, as the extract reduced sleep onset (33.75 ± 4.56 min) and extended sleep duration (182.5 ± 10.50 min; p < 0.01) in mice. Conclusion: EACE showed some specific in vivo efficacy in dose dependent manner such as analgesic and diarrhea. Further extensive investigation, is needed to identify the responsible lead compounds.

Fruit wastes are becoming popular as treasures for drug discovery in different classes of therapeutics. This research aimed to investigate the phytochemicals and potential bioactivities, such as antimicrobial, thrombolytic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidiarrheal properties of commonly available mandarin orange ( Citrus reticulata Blanco) peel through experimental and computational techniques. Extensive chromatographic and ¹ H-NMR spectroscopic analysis was employed to isolate four purified compounds, which were characterized as tangeretin (A), nobiletin (B), limonin (C), and β-sitosterol (D). Furthermore, GC-MS/MS analysis detected over 90 compounds with a notable number of polymethoxyflavones, including nobiletin (29.04%), tangeretin (15.55%), artemetin (8.1%), 6-demethoxytangeretin (1.28%), sinensetin (0.95%), demethylnobiletin (0.14%), pebrellin (0.10%), and salvigenin (0.04%). Dichloromethane soluble fraction (DCMSF) exerted the highest antimicrobial potency Candia albicans against (20 mm zone of inhibition) in the disk diffusion assay method. The aqueous soluble fraction (AQSF) exhibited 34.71% and 48.14% inhibition in hypotonic solution-induced and heat-induced hemolysis in the membrane stabilizing assay. Similarly, the AQSF exhibited the highest anti-thrombotic property with 32.57% clot lysis. The investigated 3 doses of the methanolic extracts (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight) exerted statistically significant in vivo central analgesic effects in a tail-flicking method in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, all the doses exhibited significant efficacy in inhibiting acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and castor oil-induced diarrheal episodes in mouse models. The molecular docking studies corroborated the existing in vitro and in vivo findings by demonstrating better or comparable binding affinities toward the respective receptors and favorable pharmacokinetic properties and toxicological profiles. The present findings indicate that C. reticulata is a rich source of polymethoxyflavones, demonstrating potential efficacy against microbial infections, thrombosis, inflammation, pain, and diarrhea. Nonetheless, comprehensive phytochemical screening is imperative to identify additional bioactive compounds and evaluate their pharmacological effects against several chronic health conditions, grounded in their traditional uses and current evidence.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the chemico-pharmacological properties of the leaves methanolic extract (ME) of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) and its various solvent fractions, focusing on its antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hypoglycaemic, and antidiarrheal effects. Methods: Phytochemicals in the ME were identified and characterized using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activity was measured via DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging assay and measuring total phenolic content (TPC). Anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic, and cytotoxic effects were evaluated using membrane stabilization, clot lysis, and brine shrimp bioassays, respectively. In vivo evaluations of hypoglycaemic, antidiarrheal, and analgesic activities of the ME (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg bw) were conducted in mice model. Results: A total of 65 phytoconstituents were identified in the ME, where 13-docosenamide (Z) (17.78%) and phytol (10.64%) were the most abundant. The aqueous soluble fraction (AQSF) fraction exhibited the highest TPC (181.875 mg GAE/gm of extractive) and antioxidant efficacy (IC₅₀= 4.78 μg/mL). The AQSF also exhibited promising antithrombotic properties, showing over 88% clot lysis capacity. Furthermore, chloroform soluble fraction (CSF) displayed 93.2% haemolysis inhibition under heat-induced conditions, while the inhibition of haemolysis was 46.8% in hypotonic conditions. All the tested three doses showed dose-dependent statistically significant (p < 0.05) analgesic and antidiarrheal efficacy, where only 200 and 400 mg/kg bw doses exhibited significant hypoglycaemic effects. In acute oral toxicity test, the ME exhibited median lethal dose greater than 4000 mg/kg bw. Conclusions: Z. rhetsa leaf extractives demonstrated promising antioxidant, cytotoxic, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antidiarrheal effects, supporting the traditional uses of the plant species. Further extensive investigation, particularly on the AQSF fraction, is recommended to identify the responsible lead compounds.

Background and Aims: Drug‐drug interactions (DDIs) are a significant health issue that may adversely affect the health and well‐being of patients. This study assesses and compares potential DDI (pDDI) patterns, severity, and associated risk factors in government and private hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods: A total of 188 and 206 prescriptions were collected from various government and private hospitals' outdoor departments, respectively, by capturing pictures of the prescriptions. Bivariate analyses were performed through STATA 15. MedScape drug interaction checker was applied to identify pDDIs, while their consequences were obtained from DrugBank and MedScape. Results: Private hospitals had more pDDIs containing prescriptions than government hospitals (62.62% and 57.97%, respectively). The mean pDDIs cases were 3.29 in the private hospitals, while at government hospitals they were 3.02. Among the detected pDDIs, pharmacodynamic pDDIs were predominat, accounting for 63.32% and 66.23% of total events in government and private hospitals, respectively. Severity‐wise, both types of hospitals had almost equal amounts of serious (10.34% vs. 9.18%), moderate (68.96% vs. 59.61%), and minor (20.06% vs. 21.79%) pDDIs. Polypharmacy was crucial in pDDI cases, responsible for 70.21% and 81.83% of pDDIs in government and private hospitals, respectively. Multiple comorbidities with pDDIs were more common in private hospitals (24.46% vs. 18.93%), while government hospitals displayed a higher frequency of pDDIs with one comorbidity (24.75% vs. 17.55%). Non‐mention of comorbidities was correlated with both types of hospitals ( p ≤ 0.01) in pDDIs cases. Furthermore, considerable amounts of pDDIs in prescription error categories were detected. Both types of hospitals had a prevalence of antihypertensive, antidiabetic, psychotic, and antiplatelet‐related pDDIs. Conclusion: The two kinds of hospitals exhibited similar pDDI patterns, while their associations were random with the risk variables. When prescribing pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics pDDIs, physicians should evaluate the risk‐benefit ratio.

Background and Objectives: Prescription errors can inadvertently compromise the effectiveness and increase the risk of adverse events. This study aims to compare prescription patterns and errors between government and private hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh, by evaluating the World Health Organization (WHO) prescription indicators, polypharmacy, and omission errors.Methods: Between September 2021 and November 2021, a total of 399 prescriptions were collected from outpatient departments of various government and private hospitals from patients or their attendants. The data were analyzed using the statistical package STATA 15. Chi‐square and Fisher's exact test were employed to determine associations (p < 0.05) among various types of categorical data.Results: Of the collected prescriptions, 48% (n = 192) were from government, while 52% (n = 207) were from private hospitals. The mean number of medicines per prescription was 5.16 for government and 5.87 for private hospitals. Generic names were absent (0%) in both types of hospitals. Antibiotics were present in 34.37% of prescriptions from government and 51.69% from private hospitals. Moreover, injection were found in 17.70% of government and 18.35% of private hospitals' prescriptions. Government hospitals adhered to 67.97% of the essential drug list, whereas private hospitals adhered to 80.42%. Associations between hospital types were observed in missing age, and comorbidities, while no association was found in inscription mistakes. Missing dates and signatures were also associated with hospital types. Polypharmacy was observed in 49.47% of government hospitals and 71.01% of private hospitals. Additionally, polypharmacy in females, pediatrics, geriatrics, and missing comorbidity were also associated with hospital types (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Both government and private hospitals exhibited similar deviations from the WHO prescribing indicators. While government hospitals showed more omission errors, private hospitals exhibited higher rates of polypharmacy. Physicians in both types of hospitals should be vigilant about omission errors, maintain the WHO prescribing indicators, and minimize polypharmacy.

Objective: This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the chemico-pharmacological properties of methanolic extractives derived from Cyanometra ramiflora leaves, encompassing a spectrum of activities including cytotoxic, thrombolytic, membrane-stabilizing, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, hypoglycemic, and analgesic effects. Methods: Phytomolecules were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), while antioxidant activity was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and total phenolic content tests. Cytotoxicity was determined through the brine shrimp bioassay, while thrombolytic activity was evaluated via clot lysis assays, and membrane-stabilizing effects were investigated for potential anti-inflammatory properties. In-vivo experiments using mice were conducted solely with the methanolic extract to assess central and peripheral analgesic, hypoglycemic, and antidiarrheal properties. Results: The presence of 47 compounds in the methanolic extract, with tetratriacontyl pentafluoropropionate (9.25%), pentatriacontane (8.75%), and 2-methylhexacosane (5.9%) being predominant. The dichloromethane-soluble fraction exhibited the highest cytotoxicity, with a 50% lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of 11.05 µg/mL. Both petroleum-ether and methanol-soluble fractions demonstrated more than 50% lysis in thrombolytic activity assays. Under hypotonic and heat-induced conditions, the ethyl acetate and dichloromethane-soluble fractions of C. ramiflora significantly reduced erythrocyte hemolysis. Notably, the methanol-soluble fraction exhibited significant antioxidant potential with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 17.71 μg/mL compared to the standard EDTA (IC₅₀= 75.94 μg/mL). The hypoglycemic investigation revealed a 63.73% reduction at 90 min with a 600 mg/kg dose, while mild antidiarrheal activity was observed with a 37.5% reduction in diarrhea at 4 h intervals. Significant analgesic effects were demonstrated in both central and peripheral tests, with a 68.53% reduction in writhing during the peripheral test and an average tail immersion time of 5.38 s at 90 min. Conclusion: C. ramiflora leaves show promise as natural sources for various pharmacological activities, including cytotoxicity, thrombosis, inflammation, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and analgesic effects. However, further comprehensive research is recommended to elucidate the precise mechanisms of action and analyze the phytochemical composition of C. ramiflora plants.

Background and Aims: To reduce death rates for critical patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs), coronavirus (COVID‐19) lacks proven and efficient treatment methods. This cross‐sectional study aims to evaluate how physicians treat severe and suspected COVID‐19 patients in the ICU department in the absence of an established approach, as well as assess the rational use of the medication in the ICU department.Methods: Between June 16, 2021, and December 10, 2022, a total of 428 prescriptions were randomly gathered, including both suspected (yellow zone) and confirmed (red zone) COVID‐19 patients. For data management, Microsoft Excel 2021 was utilized, while STATA 17 provided statistical analysis. To find associations between patients' admission status and demographic details, exploratory and bivariate analyses were conducted.Results: Of the 428 patients admitted to the ICU, 228 (53.27%) were in the yellow zone and 200 (46.73%) were in the verified COVID‐19 red zone. The majority of patients were male (54.44%), and the age range from 41 to 60 was the most common (41.82%). No significant deviation was detected to the yellow and red groups' prescription patterns. A total of 4001 medicines (mean 9.35/patient) were prescribed. Antiulcerants, antibiotics, respiratory, analgesics, anticoagulants, vitamins and minerals, steroids, cardiovascular, antidiabetic drugs, antivirals, antihistamines, muscle relaxants, and antifungal treatments were widely prescribed drugs. Enoxaparin (67.06%) appeared as the most prescribed medicine, followed by montelukast (60.51%), paracetamol (58.41%), and dexamethasone (51.64%).Conclusion: The prescription patterns for the yellow and red groups were comparable and mostly included symptomatic treatment. Respiratory drugs constituted the most frequent therapeutic class. Polypharmacy should be taken under considerations. In ICU settings, the outcomes emphasize the need of correct diagnosis, cautious antibiotic usage, suitable therapy, and attentive monitoring.