Héctor Emmanuel Valtierra-Marín

During the dry season in semi-arid regions, pastures become scarce and low in nutritional quality. These conditions compromise the digestive physiology and ruminal health of sheep. Consequently, consuming forages high in fibre and deficient in nitrogen leads to reduced digestive efficiency. Evaluating unconventional local resources, such as the pods of Neltuma spp., is essential for determining their ability to optimise fermentation kinetics without disrupting the ruminal ecosystem. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing commercial feed with increasing levels of Neltuma spp. pods (20%, 40%, and 60%) collected from three geographic regions of Zacatecas, Mexico, on in vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics, microbial activity parameters, and digestive health indicators, measured in sheep ruminal fluid. Samples of Neltuma spp. pods were collected from three regions of the state of Zacatecas, and mixtures were prepared using commercial feed and ground Neltuma spp. pods in ratios of 80:20, 60:40, and 40:60, which were subjected to bromatological analysis; a ruminal fluid inoculum obtained from Dorper sheep adapted to a diet based on commercial feed was used for in vitro fermentation. Gas pressure, ammoniacal nitrogen concentration, and pH were monitored every 6 h during a 48 h incubation period. Principal component analysis, analysis of variance, and Tukey’s tests for comparing means were conducted to evaluate the effects of inclusion level and region of origin. The first two principal components explained 99.08% of the total variability, demonstrating a correlation between the content of fibrous fractions and the proportion of non-fibrous carbohydrates. In vitro ruminal fermentation showed an upward trend across all treatments over time; mixtures with a moderate pod inclusion level of 20% achieved the highest gas production volumes. Ammoniacal nitrogen profiles showed a progressive increase across all treatments. The fermentation pH decreased gradually as the carbohydrate degradation process progressed. It is concluded that the inclusion of 20% and 40% Neltuma spp. pods, particularly those from the central region, represents a viable nutritional strategy for improving energy and protein intake in sheep during the dry season.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the presence of heavy metals specifically arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in soils near mining areas in the state of Zacatecas using ICP atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Heavy metals occur in ecosystems at varying concentrations; centuries of mining, industrial activity, and smelting constitute the primary anthropogenic sources of these metals, potentially disrupting the balance of environmental systems. Upon reaching high concentrations in water, soil, and air, these metals impact human health (Kochubovski, 2011; López et al., 2010) and accumulate in organisms such as plants and animals, thereby altering the human food chain and causing skin disorders or diseases, liver damage, and neurological conditions (Adriano, 2001). Lead (Pb), whether ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin, is toxic to living organisms in general. The concentrations of the analyzed metals (As, Cd, Pb) were determined using the ICP method. It was found that Pb concentrations in the soil exceeded the limits established by current Mexican Official Standards (NOM). The study results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Tukey's mean comparison test at a 95% confidence level, indicating statistical significance. This study reports beyond those allowed by the government of Mexico NOM, As, Cd and Pb, as shown above heavy metal accumulation in soils of mining areas or in areas close to the populations affecting the welfare of the inhabitants, or to be taken a package of mining companies, in order to achieve clean production and improve their remediation goals, thus helping the environment, consequently the safety of humanity

La minería a tajo abierto ha transformado de manera estructural los territorios rurales del norte de México, generando impactos que trascienden la esfera económica e inciden en las dimensiones ecológica, social y política del desarrollo local. Este estudio analiza los efectos del proyecto minero Peñasquito, en Mazapil, Zacatecas, mediante un enfoque cualitativo exploratorio-descriptivo, desarrollado en 2019 en las comunidades de Cerro Gordo, Cedros, El Vergel y Mazapil. A partir de entrevistas abiertas, grupos focales y observación participante, los datos fueron analizados mediante codificación inductiva y análisis temático asistido por ATLAS.ti, complementado con triangulación y validación participativa. Los resultados revelan una profunda reconfiguración económica y territorial, manifestada en la pérdida de recursos hídricos (reducciones del 40–60 %), la dependencia laboral y la fragmentación del tejido social. Menos del 25 % de la población ha sido empleada directamente por la empresa, lo que refuerza la desigualdad económica y la exclusión rural. La gobernanza local se muestra debilitada por negociaciones asimétricas evidenciando la persistencia de un modelo extractivo que privilegia la rentabilidad corporativa sobre el bienestar colectivo. Se concluye que la minería en Mazapil reproduce un patrón de acumulación por desposesión y dependencia estructural, cuyas externalidades socioambientales exigen la transición hacia un modelo de desarrollo humano sustentable, basado en la diversificación productiva, la gestión comunitaria del agua y una gobernanza ambiental participativa e incluyente.

Secondary metabolites (SM) in plants play crucial pharmacological, ecological, and nutritional roles for humans, wildlife, and livestock. Environmental Heterogeneity (EH) encompasses the variability of biotic and abiotic factors that influence biological responses of plant species. Advancements in remote sensing have enhanced the ability to assess plant functional traits more affordably and comprehensively by integrating spectral reflectance data with detailed plant metabolomics. However, studies investigating the relationship between EH—quantified using Rao’s Q heterogeneity index from remote sensing data—and SM diversity remain limited. Here, we present the first report demonstrating that the biotic component of EH, measured as Rao’s Q, is positively associated with SM diversity in mesquite pod extracts—higher Rao’s Q values correspond to greater SM diversity. Generalized additive models (GAMs) revealed that Rao’s Q contributed the most explanatory power, accounting for 21.2% of the deviance, compared to pod weight (13.7%) and pod length (2.03%). However, only the relationship between Rao’s Q and SM diversity was statistically significant (p = 0.029). The Rao’s Q index derived from remote sensing serves as a scalable proxy for identifying SM hotspots, facilitating the targeted discovery of regions with high pharmacological or nutritional value.

Neltuma spp. are an important resource in arid and semiarid ecosystems of the country and serve, among other purposes, as an economic source of food for livestock. By analyzing the bromatological composition and in vitro fermentation of pods in three regions of the state of Zacatecas, Mexico, the viability as a food alternative in sheep is sought. Twenty-seven pod samples were collected from nine points in each region of the state. The samples were obtained when the pods were in the immature stage. The bromatological analysis of the pods was conducted and mathematical equations were used to calculate the megacalories per kilogram provided by these fruits. Statistical analysis was performed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Bromatological analysis showed that crude protein averaged 20.86 ± 1.37% in the central region, while non-fiber carbohydrates averaged 26.78 ± 1.32% in the southern region. Neltuma spp. pods demonstrate potential as an alternative feed for sheep, provided that an adequate diet is formulated, since they present acceptable levels of protein, carbohydrates and fiber. It is recommended to consider the state of maturity of the pods when incorporating them into the diet of sheep.

The use of medicinal plants represents an alternative method for bacterial control due to their chemical compositions. This study’s objective was to determine the inhibitory capacity of Larrea tridentata extracts against microbial strains of clinical interest. Four extracts were prepared, their phytochemical profiles were determined, and their antioxidant capacities were quantified. Additionally, the minimum concentrations of hemolysis were determined using human blood erythrocytes. For the extracts’ growth inhibitory capacity, six bacterial and two fungal strains were evaluated using the disk diffusion test. Commercial medications specific for each strain were used as controls. The ethanolic extracts registered the greatest diversity of metabolites related to antibacterial activity. The inhibitory activities of the ethanolic extract and the Cedax^® control were similar for Enterococcus faecalis. A principal component analysis was performed with X² and ANOVA tests to identify the relationships and the effects of the extracts on bacterial inhibition, obtaining p > 0.05 with a confidence level of 95%. This research highlights the potential of L. tridentata extracts as an alternative treatment and to mitigate the growing problem of resistance to traditional antibiotics.

The Mexican duck (Anas diazi) is an endemic species that has been categorized as threatened because of its practice of living in small populations and because of the condition of the wetlands in which it occurs. Therefore, the preference for wetlands by the species is influenced by the adjacent vegetation composition found in the Mexican Central Plateau in the state of Zacatecas. The inclination of the duck towards the wetlands in relation to the aquatic and adjacent vegetation structure was evaluated in the studied area. Seven wetlands were selected and distinguished by the presence of a population of the species. Vegetation was analyzed in three strata—tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer—and the population of the Mexican duck was calculated through direct counting in each wetland. The results determined a significantly larger number of individuals in artificial wetlands than in lakes. The wetlands’ adjacent vegetation is constituted by graminean and shrub species, with an aquatic vegetation cover. The non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test showed a significant difference between the counts of ducks and the physical structure of wetlands in the examined area. The data obtained indicate that the Mexican Duck occurs mainly in artificial wetlands with mainly graminean vegetation and aquatic plant cover; similar characteristics to those previously described for dabbling ducks.

La cerveza es una bebida natural obtenida por fermentación alcohólica de un extracto acuoso de cebada malteada. Las materias son sólo cuatro; malta de cebada, agua, levadura y lúpulo. En México, la cerveza es la que domina el mercado de bebidas alcohólicas, a partir del 2011 se observa un crecimiento sostenido de la cerveza artesanal en este país. Para la presente investigación, se recolectaron 23 muestras de cerveza artesanal y 7 industrializadas en su mayoría del estado de Zacatecas, se clasificaron según su color, se les determinó el porcentaje de alcohol en volumen, metanol mediante cromatografía de gases, grados Brix, % acidez, pH, extracto seco, cenizas, se aplicó la técnica de UV-Vis y se analizaron los espectros con el método de análisis multivariante no supervisado conocido como PCA (Principal Component Analysis) por sus siglas en inglés. Las bebidas alcohólicas, se catalogaron por color (clara, semi obscura y obscura) basándose en la malta que se usa para su elaboración, los resultados del porcentaje de alcohol de las cervezas están dentro de lo establecido por la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-199-SCFI-2017, en cuanto a los valores de metanol obtenidos por el método de cromatografía, se encuentran muy por debajo de los límites establecidos. Las muestras se analizaron con espectroscopía UV-Vis, obteniendo señales analíticas propias, observándose una buena discriminación entre los tipos de cervezas. Utilizando el análisis de PCA para la técnica de UV-Vis, se pudo reducir las variables y ubicar las muestras en una zona característica de acuerdo con el tipo de cerveza, obteniendo agrupaciones características de los diferentes tipos.

La codorniz común Coturnix coturnix, se explota en Francia, Alemania, Inglaterra, Italia, Estados Unidos, Brasil, Venezuela y Colombia. El principal producto de la codorniz, es el huevo, convirtiéndola en ave doméstica El objetivo evaluar la relación entre una alimentación de codorniz basada en semillas de alpiste y avena respecto a las características morfológicas de sus huevos, comparada con aves que reciben alimento regular comercial. Material y métodos Se dividieron en 3 tratamientos (tx): a) Tx uno: alimento para codorniz de postura Malta Cleyton® adicionando un 15% de semillas de avena, b) Tx dos: alimento para codorniz de postura Malta Cleyton adicionando un 15% semillas de alpiste, c) Tx tres o control: alimento para codorniz de postura Malta Cleyton®; se recolectaron 2 huevos por día. 45 días se alimentaron las codornices con los diferentes tratamientos. Resultados: a los 45 días de seguimiento, del consumo de dieta enriquecida con alpiste mostraron aumento significativo en el peso del huevo en comparación con el grupo control, sugiere que esta combinación alimentaria contribuyó al crecimiento, desarrollo de huevos, el tratamiento de mayor producción fue el uno con adición de semillas de avena, donde las diferencias significativas estadísticamente fueron sobre el tratamiento tres.