Viacheslav Padalka

Achieving environmental sustainability requires an immediate transition to energy-saving technologies and renewable energy sources. It has been confirmed that, in addition to classical renewable sources (solar, hydro, wind, and geothermal energy), plant biomass represents a valuable raw material. It enables the sustainable production of biofuels, providing an alternative to fossil fuels. This role of biofuels determines the need for a thorough study and justification of the energy characteristics of relevant renewable agricultural crops. Plant biomass, which includes wood and shrubs of various species, possesses distinctive fuel properties that can be described by well-known parameters such as the heat of combustion (higher and lower calorific values), ash melting characteristics, ash content, and chemical composition. The presented generalization represents a new scientific contribution aimed at developing a methodology and conducting experimental and comparative studies to determine the relative indicators of the calorific value of organic plant-based samples using original and more affordable equipment with elements of mechatronic systems. The dry plant material of each energy crop was analyzed using a laboratory device – a “biofuel analyzer.” The original laboratory setup was manufactured in accordance with applicable technical regulations. The research showed that the results of calorific value measurements of plant biomass obtained with the developed laboratory setup, equipped with mechatronic measuring components, were in good agreement with the data obtained using a standard bomb calorimeter. This consistency is confirmed by statistical significance (LSD0.05 at p<0.05). Under the experimental conditions, the calorific value of six plant-based material samples was determined as follows: Castor bean (Ricinus communis) – 9.78 MJ/kg; Sorghum (Sorghum) – 17.97 MJ/kg; Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) – 14.71 MJ/kg; Paulownia (Paulownia) – 10.67 MJ/kg; Virginia mallow (Sida hermaphrodita) – 13.93 MJ/kg; and Sorrel hybrid (Rumex patientia × Rumex tianschanicus) – 12.35 MJ/kg.

This study investigates natural harmonic vibrations of a working implement equipped with a lever-type hitching system to the traction mechanisms and two support points on the surface. The task addressed relates to the absence of a generalized theoretical model for quantitative prediction of amplitude-frequency characteristics of such systems. This complicates the substantiation of rational structural and geometric parameters to enable technologically acceptable vertical deviations of working bodies under field irregularities and variable soil properties. A calculation scheme of a two-support lever mechanism has been devised, separating the implement’s intrinsic dynamics from the power unit motion and considering roller-soil contact as an excitation source. An energy-based mathematical model using Lagrange equations of the second kind has been constructed; parametric modeling revealed the decisive influence of attachment geometry and made it possible to determine rational parameter values. The length of the hitch lever to the power unit is 0.5 m, and the distance from the oscillatory system’s center of mass to the hitch point is 0.25 m. The advantage of the results involves the analytical relationship between the mechanism geometry, contact parameters, and vibration characteristics, which enables structural minimization of vertical deviations without mandatory use of active control. The identified regularities are explained by changes in the reduced inertial-elastic characteristics of the system when varying the lever arms and the position of the hitch point relative to the center of mass. The results could be practically applied at the stages of designing and adjusting implements provided that equivalent elastic-damping parameters of the “roller-soil” contact are identified for specific field and soil conditions and operating speeds

The article presents the results of a study on the operational degradation of engine oil under the working conditions of internal combustion engines (ICE) used in agricultural and automotive machinery, where the operating environment is classified as particularly severe: high air dustiness, irregular loads, frequent engine starts, and extended idling periods. These factors accelerate the wear of friction pairs, deteriorate lubricating properties, and reduce the overall reliability of power units. Existing maintenance regulations do not consider real operating conditions, which creates the need for inter-schedule monitoring of oil condition – possible only through technical measurements and digital analysis of degradation parameters. The aim of the research is to develop a methodology and conduct experiments to determine the resource indicators of engine oil based on color change using colorimetric equipment equipped with mechatronic system elements. The study is based on comparing the color of fresh oil with that of oil after operational wear. RGB/HSL colorimetry tools and statistical processing were applied. A laboratory setup was developed based on the STM32H747XI microcontroller and the TCS3472 color sensor, enabling the detection of oil color changes and evaluation of its degradation linked to engine operating hours. Calibration was performed between reference samples and boundary conditions corresponding to the full service interval. The investigation of VAG Special G 5W-40 engine oil (BSE engine) over 400 engine hours demonstrated a stable functional dependence between impurity saturation and engine runtime. The average increase in contamination confirmed a reliable correlation between color variation and actual wear of friction components. The proposed methodology enables inter-schedule monitoring of engine oil condition and prediction of optimal replacement timing based on real operating conditions. The practical significance of the study lies in the increased reliability of ICE, reduced maintenance costs, and prevention of premature equipment failures. The proposed mechatronic colorimetric system can be integrated into service centers and precision farming systems as a component of digital diagnostics of machine technical condition.

Researchers are faced with the challenge of selecting, among existing control and measuring devices, such modern measurement tools that meet the requirements of accuracy, data flow rate, and the ability to record information on data carriers for subsequent processing. This work presents a generalization and a new solution to the scientific problem, which consisted in the development and substantiation of a methodology for measuring technological parameters in scientific research of biological material processing using control and measuring devices built on mechatronic principles. The applicability of the proposed methodology was investigated through research into technological parameters (specifically, temperature in dough layers) during the preparation of bakery products. Technical recommendations were developed for the design of a reading-recording module and the potential for its use in studies of mass production technologies. An analysis of known temperature measuring instruments was conducted, and it was determined that strain gauge sensors are the most suitable for the conditions of our research. A five-channel reading and recording module was used in the experiment. Known bread baking technologies were analyzed, and measurement conditions and the required discreteness were substantiated. The temperature range during the process was between 30–160°C, with an adequate measurement discreteness of 1 second. An experimental research plan was developed, including procedures for measurements and ensuring their accuracy. Laboratory equipment was fabricated to determine temperature parameters in the bread baking process. Baking is accompanied by pulsed action of the heater, maintaining the bowl temperature within 35–150°C throughout kneading and baking. At the start of baking, the temperature at each measurement point changes according to specific patterns. In the 1 cm layer of dough, the temperature reaches 100±5°C and does not rise further, which is due to the formation of a crust with lower moisture content compared to the crumb. In deeper layers beyond 1 cm, the temperature stabilizes around 105±5°C and remains constant during the entire process. These values are conditioned by the specific thermodynamic behavior of the vapor-liquid phase of water present in the dough.

The object of research is the parameters of mechanisms for the destruction of anisotropic materials by a conical mechanical deformer. One of the known renewable energy sources is a material of plant origin (wood). Based on this, the search for optimal operating parameters and design features of working bodies for mechanized splitting of logs is relevant. Therefore, a new solution to the scientific problem is proposed, which consists in substantiating the main geometric parameters of an active conical deformer for splitting logs from wood at the lowest energy costs for its drive. The analysis conducted during the study showed a general positive feature of the principle of operation, in which the penetration of an active deformer of a conical shape perpendicular to wood fibers facilitates the destruction of their ties and has a more promising and productive design. A mathematical model for determining the force required to destroy a log of wood has been developed. The specified dependence takes into account the elastic characteristics of the material, the forces that exist between the fibers of anisotropic substance, the friction forces between the deformer material and wood, and its geometric parameters. It was determined that the necessary value that characterizes the physical and mechanical properties of wood is the force required to destroy the bonds between the fibers (coefficient of longitudinal destruction). Therefore, the values of the coefficient of longitudinal destruction were experimentally obtained, which were for pine – 2533 ± 66 N/m, oak – 5583 ± 145 N/m and aspen – 5000 ± 279 N/m. According to the research results, analytical recommendations for the geometric parameters of the active deformer were obtained. For pine material with a diameter of 0.15 m, the optimal cone length is in the range of 0.02–0.20 m at a cone angle of 20–90°. At the same time, the theoretical force for its destruction is 568–864 N. Similar results were also obtained for aspen and oak materials. This provides the opportunity to design the design of a conical wood deformer according to the specified ranges, which are optimal for each material or their groups.

The article examines the processes that occur during the operation of the mating surfaces of machine parts, and analyzes the factors that influence their operational characteristics. Zokrema, the specificity of the vicorization of polymer materials in the process of updating the seating shafts and housings under the forging rollers was observed. The completeness of the separation of technological processes aimed at increasing the wear resistance of the working surfaces of these parts has been demonstrated. Theoretical dimensions are presented that allow one to determine the basic parameters of the repeated bending of shafts, housings and rollers by rolling ways to compensate for changes in geometric dimensions of the surface after operation. It is indicated that the durability of the work depends to a large extent on ensuring the inviolability of the roller rings, which includes their checking. For this purpose, the necessary tensions at the landings, plastic deformation of micro-irregularities on the surface of the parts have been ensured, and methods of wear compensation have been introduced. The advantages of the use of polymer materials, which are characterized by high physical and mechanical strength, in technological processes of folding and updating parts have been analyzed. The use of polymer compositions makes it possible to reduce the wear on the surface of parts and their surfaces, such as reducing rubbing, as well as increasing the development of fretting corrosion. Protective, polymer coatings perform the function of microshock absorbers, reducing stress in contact areas and increasing the durability of working surfaces. The problem of choosing the optimal type of polymer materials and the maximum permissible gap and tension in the couplings, which will ensure the unbreakability of the rings and durability before they are tested, is carefully examined. The robot has identified the main directions of further investigations, regardless of the importance of the power of polymer materials, which will ensure the greatest durability of the device during different types of use. The research results indicate the promise of high-quality polymer materials for increasing the wear resistance of working surfaces and extending the service life of robotic machines and equipment.

The study aims to find technical, organizational, and economic mechanisms for improving the efficiency of grain harvesters by the example of the resource potential of agricultural harvesting equipment in the Poltava region. The study relied on statistical data, including both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of grain harvesters. The information was gathered from agricultural producers in the Poltava region, regardless of the form of ownership. The data was collected through automated records kept by the agricultural machinery registration department of the State Production and Consumer Service in Poltava. The information pertains to the end of the year 2023. The following indicators and characteristics have been studied in detail: the total number of combine harvesters registered in the Poltava region and their average age since the date of manufacture; absolute quantitative indicators regarding the duration of use of grain harvesters according to agricultural machinery manufacturers as of 2023; and relative indicators regarding the duration of use of grain harvesters according to agricultural machinery manufacturers as of 2023. After conducting the statistical analysis, it was found that machines from certain manufacturers have been used for over ten years in higher percentages: John Deere (66,23 %), Fortschritt (68,75 %), Claas (72,32 %), Case (81,42 %), combine harvesters manufactured in Ukraine and post-Soviet countries (88,60 %), Volvo (91,67 %), Massey Ferguson (94,12 %), Sampo (100 %), New Holland (28.1 %). In the specified category "combines older than 10 years prevail", the most commonly used combiners in the Poltava region are John Deere, Claas, Case combiners, and ones manufactured in Ukraine and post-Soviet countries. This makes up the majority of the combiner park in Poltava Region under current conditions. The national economy is currently facing the challenge of efficiently and effectively assessing the technical condition of grain harvesters, whether old or new. This has become an urgent issue that requires immediate attention. It is crucial to pay special attention to the quality of repair work done on the various units and components of these machines, ensuring that all necessary spare parts and accessories are provided.

Perennial plantations that are zoned in Ukraine allow to obtain high-quality fruits (nuts), which are widely used in the perfumery, pharmaceutical, oil, confectionery and other industries, as well as in the production of feed and feed additives. The known technologies of mass processing of walnut kernels mostly work well with crops that have a spherical or close to spherical external shape. The simplest, but least productive, are primitive manual devices for peeling walnut shells. Despite the simplicity of their design, these devices are inefficient and unsuitable for adjusting their operation to different varieties and physical and mechanical properties of biological fruits. The analysis of the known designs of walnut shell destruction machines and mechanisms showed the need to study the physical and mechanical properties of biological fruits (walnuts), to develop technical recommendations for the design of impact mechanisms to improve the quality of shell destruction and the possibility of their application in mass production technologies. A research methodology was developed, a laboratory setup was manufactured, and experiments were conducted. To determine the strength characteristics, the author designed and manufactured a device. It consists of a lever mechanism and a deforming device. The dimensions and load measurements were carried out according to well-known methods of physical mechanics. The statistical analysis of the results showed the need for in-depth scientific research of the geometric parameters of the design of the working bodies of machines for destroying the walnut shell in the mechanisms of fruit peeling machines, taking into account the quality indicators performance of works with certain conditions of their implementation. We conclude that according to the results of the experiments, there is a fairly high dependence between the geometric dimensions of the walnut fruit at the level of 0.72, 0.57 and 0.49, respectively. The weight of the fruit also depends on its dimensional characteristics, which is logical at the level of 0.6–0.75. The force of critical static fracture has a weak correlation with the dimensional characteristics at the level of 0.3. And it depends little on the plane of its application.

Oleksandra Bilovod, Associate Professor, PhD in Technics (Candidate of Technics Sciences), Poltava State Agrarian University, Poltava, Ukraine, e-mail: oleksandra.bilovod@pdaa.edu.ua, ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3470-0091 Viacheslav Padalka, Associate Professor, PhD in Technics (Candidate of Technics Sciences), Poltava State Agrarian University, Poltava, Ukraine, e-mail: viacheslav.padalka@pdau.edu.ua, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4135-3318 Oleksii Burlaka, Associate Professor, PhD in Technics (Candidate of Technics Sciences), Poltava State Agrarian University, Poltava, Ukraine, e-mail: oleksii.burlaka@pdau.edu.ua, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-2296-7234 Abstract The purpose of the study is to improve the organizational and technical mechanisms for updating the tractor fleet of enterprises and individuals of the Poltava region, taking into account modern trends and transformations of the region's economy, caused by the state of war. The initial data for the study are the characteristics of purchased and registered tractors from 2018 to 2023, which are reflected in the single register for keeping automated records of tractors of the agricultural machinery registration department of the head office of the State Production and Consumer Service in Poltava region. We include the following characteristics among the investigated factors: 1. The year of registration of tractors in the unified register of automated accounting of tractors of the agricultural machinery registration department of the Main Department of the State Production and Consumer Service in Poltava region. 2. Entities registering tractor equipment are classified by groups: private individuals; farms, enterprises engaged in other economic activities. In the Poltava region from 2018 to 2021, there is a clear tendency of the generalized trend towards a stable increase in the number of purchased equipment for all three selected research groups. The beginning of military events led to a sharp – more than twofold – reduction of purchased and registered tractors and tractor equipment. The dynamics of the ratio of the use of foreign tractors and tractors of domestic production is no less a painful topic for Ukraine. In addition, the indicators of 2022 and 2023 have a negative trend towards a significant relative increase in the tractor market of the Poltava region of foreign-made tractors. The number of foreign tractor models in 2022 and most of 2023 exceeded the registration of domestically produced tractors by almost three times. To improve this situation, machine-building enterprises are recommended to master new tractor-building technologies, taking into account the experience of the world's leading manufacturers. Keywords tractors, registration, analysis, dynamics, forecasting, update Full Text: PDF References 1. 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Strengthening Competitiveness of the National Economy by Inhancing Energy Efficiency and Diversifying Energy Supply Sources in Rural Areas. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.], Vol. 11, 5, 1114-1123. doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.5(45).09 [in English]. 18. Burlaka, O. A., Jaxin, S. V., Padalka, V. V., & Burlaka, A. O. (2021). 100 ton za hodynu, a ščo dali? Porivnjujemo ta analizujemo xarakterystyky flahmansʹkyx modelej vysokoproduktyvnyx zernozbyralʹnyx kombajniv [100 tons per hour, what next? We compare and analyze the characteristics of flagship models of high-performance grain harvesters.]. Scientific Progress & Innovations, (3), 274–288. https://doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2021.03.34 [in Ukrainian] Citations 1. Закон України „Про стимулювання розвитку вітчизняного машинобудування для агропромислового комплексу” від 07.02.2002 р. № 3023. URL: http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3023–14 (дата звернення: 04.10.2023). 2. Закон України „Про систему інженерно-технічного забезпечення агропромислового комплексу України” від 05.10.2001 р. № 2658 URL: http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/229–16. 3. Beshun O., Achkevych V., Chuba S. Analysis of the development sectors of agricultural machinery agricultural machinery. Pratsi Tavriiskoho Derzhavnoho Ahrotekhnolohichnoho Universytetu. 2018. 18 (2). 237–246. doi: http://doi.org/10.31388/2078-0877-18-2-237-246 4. Duan Y.P., Pan H., Zhang Y., Li T.H. Research on the Investment Management of Agricultural Machinery Based SPSS. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2014. 687–691. 5177–5180. doi: http://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.5177 5. Wieliczko B. Investment in machinery, equipment and means of transport in Polish agriculture, 2009–2012: example of FADN region 785 (Pomorze i Mazury). Studies in Agricultural Economics. 2015. 117 (1). 43–49. doi: http://doi.org/10.7896/j.1506 6. Lisa S., Perrine T., Jacky M., James O. Impacts of Fiscal Reforms on Country Attractiveness. Investment Claims. 2013. doi: http://doi.org/10.1093/lawiic/9780199983025.016.0008 7. Hadrich C., Larsen, J., Olson, R. E. F. Impact of the Section 179 tax deduction on machinery investment. Agricultural Finance Review. 2013. 73 (3). 458–468. doi: http://doi.org/10.1108/afr-07-2012-0035 8. Myniv R.M. Methodical approaches to the assessment of investment attractiveness of agricultural enterprises. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies. 2019. 21 (93). 63–69. doi: http://doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-e9313 9. Vinichenko I., Shutko T. The matrix model for assessing the investment attractiveness of agricultural enterprises. Baltic Journal of Economic Studies. 2019. 5 (3). 9. doi: http://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-3-9-16 10. Kolesnik Y., Dobrovolska O., Malyuta I., Petrova A., Shulyak S. The investment model of fixed assets renovation in the agricultural industry: case of Ukraine. Investment Management and Financial Innovations. 201). 16 (4). 229–239. doi: http://doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(4).2019.20 11. Akram N., Akram M. W., Hongshu W. Study on the Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Adoption of Agricultural Machinery. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development. 2020. 11 (3). doi: http://doi.org/10.7176/jesd/11-3-07 12. Науменко В.О., Науменко І.В. Оцінка сучасного стану забезпеченості сільськогосподарських підприємств Харківської області матеріально-технічними ресурсами. Вісник Харківського національного аграрного університету ім. В.В. Докучаєва. Серія: Економічні науки. 2013. Вип. 6. С. 139–145. 13. Грицишин М., Перепелиця Н. Ринок тракторів в Україні . Пропозиція : Спецвипуск. Сучасна техніка для сучасного аграрія. 2017. С. 4–6. 14. Технологічна блочно-варіантна система машиновикористання в землеробстві України : монографія. Ч. 1. / Ю.І. Ковтун та ін. Х. : ТОВ Планета-Принт, 2020. 204 с. 15. Лупаренко Г.В. Становлення тракторобудування в Україні : монографія. Держ. Політехн. музей при НТУУ «КПІ» ; Центр пам’яткознавства НАН України і УТОПІК. Ніжин : ПП Лисенко М.М., 2015. 176 с. 16. Наказ Міністерства аграрної політики та продовольства України №29 від 22.01.2013. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0243-13#Text (дата звернення: 12.10.2023). 17. Gorb Oleg et al. Strengthening Competitiveness of the National Economy by Inhancing Energy Efficiency and Diversifying Energy Supply Sources in Rural Areas. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, [S.l.]. 2020. Vol. 11, 5, 1114-1123, doi: https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.5(45).09. 18. Бурлака О. А., Яхін С. В., Падалка В. В., Бурлака А. О. 100 тон за годину, а що далі? Порівнюємо та аналізуємо характеристики флагманських моделей високопродуктивних зернозбиральних комбайнів. Scientific Progress & Innovations. 2021. No 3. C. 274–288. https://doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2021.03.34 Copyright (c) 2023 Oleksandra Bilovod, Viacheslav Padalka, Oleksii Burlaka The purpose of the study is to improve the organizational and technical mechanisms for updating the tractor fleet of enterprises and individuals of the Poltava region, taking into account modern trends and transformations of the region's economy, caused by the state of war. The initial data for the study are the characteristics of purchased and registered tractors from 2018 to 2023, which are reflected in the single register for keeping automated records of tractors of the agricultural machinery registration department of the head office of the State Production and Consumer Service in Poltava region. We include the following characteristics among the investigated factors: 1. The year of registration of tractors in the unified register of automated accounting of tractors of the agricultural machinery registration department of the Main Department of the State Production and Consumer Service in Poltava region. 2. Entities registering tractor equipment are classified by groups: private individuals; farms, enterprises engaged in other economic activities. In the Poltava region from 2018 to 2021, there is a clear tendency of the generalized trend towards a stable increase in the number of purchased equipment for all three selected research groups. The beginning of military events led to a sharp – more than twofold – reduction of purchased and registered tractors and tractor equipment. The dynamics of the ratio of the use of foreign tractors and tractors of domestic production is no less a painful topic for Ukraine. In addition, the indicators of 2022 and 2023 have a negative trend towards a significant relative increase in the tractor market of the Poltava region of foreign-made tractors. The number of foreign tractor models in 2022 and most of 2023 exceeded the registration of domestically produced tractors by almost three times. To improve this situation, machine-building enterprises are recommended to master new tractor-building technologies, taking into account the experience of the world's leading manufacturers.

Розвиток сільськогосподарського виробництва, особливо його технічне забезпечення, потребує постійного вдосконалення та впровадження передових зразків засобів механізації. Обґрунтовано актуальність народно-господарської проблеми якості матеріально-технічного забезпечення агро- промислового виробництва. Стверджується, що прогнозування кількісних і якісних показників технічного стану опосередковано впливає на технології, які застосовуються на ланах зокрема у Полтавському регіоні. Наведено результати досліджень статистичного аналізу за якісними та кількісними показниками придбаних та зареєстрованих тракторів, що відображені у єдиному реєстрі для ведення автоматизованого обліку тракторів відділу реєстрації сільськогосподарської техніки Головного управління Держпродспоживслужби в Полтавській області за період з 2018 року по 2023 рік. Наведені та обґрунтовані тенденції та динаміка заміни тракторів у господарствах регіону, рекомендовані шляхи удосконалення організаційно-технічних механізмів щодо забезпечення тракторами підприємств та фізичних осіб Полтавської області з урахуванням викликів сьогодення, зумовлених воєнним станом. Визначено організаційно-технічні та економічні механізми оновлення тракторного парку підприємств та приватних власників-фізичних осіб Полтавського регіону. Спостерігається різке скорочення динаміки щодо кількості придбаних та зареєстрованих тракторів та тракторної техніки у 2022 році. Початок воєнних подій призвели до різкого – більш ніж у два рази, скорочення придбаних та зареєстрованих тракторів та тракторної техніки. Дослідження динаміки співвідно-шення використання закордонних тракторів та тракторів вітчизняного виробництва не менш болюча тема для держави. Маємо негативну тенденцію до значного відносного збільшення на тракторному ринку Полтавської області тракторів та тракторної техніки закордонного виробництва. Склалась ситуація, коли кількість закордонних моделей тракторів у 2022 році і більшій частині 2023 року перевищила реєстраційні дії відносно тракторів вітчизняного виробництва майже у три рази. Статистично підтверджено той факт, що відсутність чи недостатня кількість вітчизняних виробників сільськогосподарської техніки, в тому числі тракторів, призводить до експортної залежності ринку. Наслідком цього є значне зростання цін на запчастини та тракти закордонного виробництва.