Valeria I. Bystrova

Childhood obesity is crucial medical and social issue due to development of metabolic complications, chronic low-grade inflammation, and insulin resistance as the key factor of metabolic syndrome. Thus, the search of safe and effective methods for prevention and management of childhood obesity remains relevant. The efficacy of obesity complex therapy can be enhanced via nutraceuticals — dietary supplements with established positive effect on health. This review analyzes wide range of nutraceuticals (omega 3 fatty acids, probiotics, inositols, berberine, diindolylmethane, etc.), their mode of action, efficacy and safety indicators, and administration features.

Recently, the role of metabolic syndrome (MS) has become crucial. There is a tendency for this disease to increase not only in the Russian Federation and throughout the world. According to World Health Organization data for 2022, approximately 60% of the European population is overweight or obese. The United States and Russia have the largest numbers of obese individuals. MS often occurs in developed countries, mainly in the adult population, and is a comorbid pathology. MS increases the risk of future disability and mortality. Despite the environmental factors that increase the risk of MS, genetic factors are also involved in the development of this pathology. The genes involved in the development of MS: MC4R, LEP, LEPR, PCSK1, ADCY3, POMC, and MRAP2, were identified. These genes and MRAP2 were identified and involved in the leptin-melanocortin signaling pathway, namely, they regulate energy metabolism, which, when a mutation occurs, leads to nonsyndromic monogenic obesity. MS is a multifactorial pathological condition that includes four independent sub-syndromes: obesity or overweight, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. This article describes the features of genes contributing to the development of MS as well as the clinical features of the MS course.

Aim. To develop a non-invasive method for diagnosing reflux esophagitis in patients with comorbid pathology: HP associated chronic gastritis and atopic dermatitis. Materials and methods. Two groups of children were examined: 60 had AtD and HP+CG and 30 had HP+CG without At D. Risk factors were selected on the basis of clinical, anamnestic, laboratory, and instrumental data, a decision tree was created as well. Conclusion. The conducted research allowed us to develop a plausible non-invasive method for diagnosing reflux esophagitis in children with AtD and HP+CG. Every risk factor (female gender, complaints of bitterness in the mouth, heartburn, abdominal pain, increased fat mass according to impedanceometry and increased level of zonulin in feces) is estimated as 1 point; the sum of points 5 and more indicates the presence of reflux esophagitis with a probability of 94.1% (invention application № 2024139936 from 26.12.2024).

Interest in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) has increased in recent years due to their supposed role in health improvement and disease risk reduction. This article describes the sources, structural features, metabolism, and bioavailability of ω-3 PUFAs in the human body. ω-3 PUFAs include α-linolenic acid (ALA), stearidonic acid (SDA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Long-chain ω-3 fatty acids such as EPA and DHA are found in the body lipids of oily fish, white fish liver, and marine mammal oils. Fish oil is available in concentrated form as ethyl esters or triacylglycerols. Key words: omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, structural features, pregnancy

Histamine intolerance is a disorder associated with impaired ability to absorb ingested histamine. Histaminosis occurs in 1-3% of the population. This condition was described at the beginning of the 21st century. This article provides an overview of histamine intolerance, mainly devoted to clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment.

Stress is a universal evolutionarily determined physiological mechanism that allows to mobilize of organism reserves in life-threatening situations. However, like any mobilisation process, it is possible only for a short period of time. Then, the reserves are depleted and, according to Hans Sellier’s theory, distress occurs. In the context of the human organism, in our case, the child’s organism, stress-induced pathology debuts, which often has a systemic character, affecting many organs and systems. In addition, stress, acting as an epigenetic factor, can provoke the debut of diseases to which a particular individual has a predisposition. The literature review presents the modern concept of stress, its influence on the growing organism of a child and describes a number of stress-associated pathological conditions.

Background and Aims: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects many people. One of the possible ways to treat UC is fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). In this study, changes in the intestinal microbiome and clinical outcomes of 20 patients with UC after FMT were estimated. Methods: FMT enemas were administrated ten times, once a day, and fecal microbiota from three donors was used for each enema. The clinical outcomes were assessed after eight weeks and then via a patient survey. The 16S rRNA profiles of the gut microbiota were compared between three samplings: samples from 20 patients with UC before and after FMT and samples from 18 healthy volunteers. Results: Clinical remission was achieved in 19 (95%) patients at week 8. Adverse events occurred in five patients, including one non-responder. A significant increase in average biodiversity was shown in samples after FMT compared to samples before FMT, as well as a decrease in the proportion of some potentially pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion: The efficacy of FMT for UC treatment was confirmed; however, the duration of remission varied substantially, possibly due to different characteristics of the initial microbiota of patients. Targeted analysis of a patient’s microbiome before FMT could increase the treatment efficacy.