Saif Ahmed

1. In many developing and emerging economies, the misalignment between consumers’ environmental values and their marketplace choices continues to contribute to environmental degradation (S. Khan, Y...

This study examines the essential and influential factors guiding international students' decisions to enroll in Malaysian universities, focusing on university attributes, economic considerations, host country policies, cultural stimuli, and perceived skill acquisition. A quantitative research approach is adopted, combining Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) to identify both influential factors (sufficiency) and essential preconditions (necessity) for enrollment decisions. Data was collected through a cross-sectional survey of 400 international students, with stratified random sampling ensuring proportional representation. Results show that university characteristics, particularly academic quality and institutional reputation, are crucial determinants and necessary preconditions for attracting international applicants. This study differentiates between necessary and sufficient factors in international students' university selection, offering insights for policymakers and educational institutions to maintain sustainable growth.