Lyuhang Feng
Current Organizations / Institutes
The organizations/institutes from the scholar's latest article
Research Subjects
Lyuhang Feng has a total of 10 co-authors. Here are the top co-authors by number of shared publications:
- Guanchao Yu
School of Art, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
2 shared publications - Jiawei Sun
School of Art, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
2 shared publications - Miao Mingrui
Gold Mantis School of Architecture, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
2 shared publications - Mingrui Miao
Gold Mantis School of Architecture, SooChow University, RenAi Road, Suzhou 215134, China
2 shared publications - Yao Wu
Soochow University
2 shared publications - Dawei Xu
College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
1 shared publication
Latest Publications
- Open Access
Planning for Cultural Connectivity: Modeling and Strategic Use of Architectural Heritage Corridors in Heilongjiang Province, China
This study focuses on the systematic conservation of historical architectural heritage in Heilongjiang Province, particularly addressing the challenges of point-based protection and spatial fragmentation. It explores the construction of a connected and conductive heritage corridor network, using historical building clusters across the province as empirical cases. A comprehensive analytical framework is established by integrating the nearest neighbor index, kernel density estimation, minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model, entropy weighting, circuit theory, and network structure metrics. Kernel density analysis reveals a distinct spatial aggregation pattern, characterized by “one core, multiple zones.” Seven resistance factors—including elevation, slope, land use, road networks, and service accessibility—are constructed, with weights assigned through an entropy-based method to generate an integrated resistance surface and suitability map. Circuit theory is employed to simulate cultural “current” flows, identifying 401 potential corridors at the provincial, municipal, and district levels. A hierarchical station system is further developed based on current density, forming a coordinated structure of primary trunks, secondary branches, and complementary nodes. The corridor network’s connectivity is evaluated using graph-theoretic indices (α, β, and γ), which indicate high levels of closure, structural complexity, and accessibility. The results yield the following key findings: (1) Historical architectural resources in Heilongjiang demonstrate significant coupling with the Chinese Eastern Railway and multi-ethnic cultural corridors, forming a “one horizontal, three vertical” spatial configuration. The horizontal axis (Qiqihar–Harbin–Mudanjiang) aligns with the core cultural route of the railway, while the three vertical axes (Qiqihar–Heihe, Harbin–Heihe, and Mudanjiang–Luobei) correspond to ethnic cultural pathways. This forms a framework of “railway as backbone, ethnicity as wings.” (2) Comparative analysis of corridor paths, railways, and highways reveals structural mismatches in certain regions, including absent high-speed connections along northern trunk lines, insufficient feeder lines in secondary corridors, sparse terminal links, and missing ecological stations near regional boundaries. To address these gaps, a three-tier transportation coordination strategy is recommended: it comprises provincial corridors linked to high-speed rail, municipal corridors aligned with conventional rail, and district corridors connected via highway systems. Key enhancement zones include Yichun–Heihe, Youyi–Hulin, and Hegang–Wuying, where targeted infrastructure upgrades and integrated station hubs are proposed. Based on these findings, this study proposes a comprehensive governance paradigm for heritage corridors that balances multi-level coordination (provincial–municipal–district) with ecological planning. A closed-loop strategy of “identification–analysis–optimization” is developed, featuring tiered collaboration, cultural–ecological synergy, and multi-agent dynamic evaluation. The framework provides a replicable methodology for integrated protection and spatial sustainability of historical architecture in Heilongjiang and other cold-region contexts.
Open AccessPlanning for Cultural Connectivity: Modeling and Strategic Use of Architectural Heritage Corridors in Heilongjiang Province, China
This study focuses on the systematic conservation of historical architectural heritage in Heilongjiang Province, particularly addressing the challenges of point-based protection and spatial fragmentation. It explores the construction of a connected and conductive heritage corridor network, using historical building clusters across the province as empirical cases. A comprehensive analytical framework is established by integrating the nearest neighbor index, kernel density estimation, minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model, entropy weighting, circuit theory, and network structure metrics. Kernel density analysis reveals a distinct spatial aggregation pattern, characterized by “one core, multiple zones.” Seven resistance factors—including elevation, slope, land use, road networks, and service accessibility—are constructed, with weights assigned through an entropy-based method to generate an integrated resistance surface and suitability map. Circuit theory is employed to simulate cultural “current” flows, identifying 401 potential corridors at the provincial, municipal, and district levels. A hierarchical station system is further developed based on current density, forming a coordinated structure of primary trunks, secondary branches, and complementary nodes. The corridor network’s connectivity is evaluated using graph-theoretic indices (α, β, and γ), which indicate high levels of closure, structural complexity, and accessibility. The results yield the following key findings: (1) Historical architectural resources in Heilongjiang demonstrate significant coupling with the Chinese Eastern Railway and multi-ethnic cultural corridors, forming a “one horizontal, three vertical” spatial configuration. The horizontal axis (Qiqihar–Harbin–Mudanjiang) aligns with the core cultural route of the railway, while the three vertical axes (Qiqihar–Heihe, Harbin–Heihe, and Mudanjiang–Luobei) correspond to ethnic cultural pathways. This forms a framework of “railway as backbone, ethnicity as wings.” (2) Comparative analysis of corridor paths, railways, and highways reveals structural mismatches in certain regions, including absent high-speed connections along northern trunk lines, insufficient feeder lines in secondary corridors, sparse terminal links, and missing ecological stations near regional boundaries. To address these gaps, a three-tier transportation coordination strategy is recommended: it comprises provincial corridors linked to high-speed rail, municipal corridors aligned with conventional rail, and district corridors connected via highway systems. Key enhancement zones include Yichun–Heihe, Youyi–Hulin, and Hegang–Wuying, where targeted infrastructure upgrades and integrated station hubs are proposed. Based on these findings, this study proposes a comprehensive governance paradigm for heritage corridors that balances multi-level coordination (provincial–municipal–district) with ecological planning. A closed-loop strategy of “identification–analysis–optimization” is developed, featuring tiered collaboration, cultural–ecological synergy, and multi-agent dynamic evaluation. The framework provides a replicable methodology for integrated protection and spatial sustainability of historical architecture in Heilongjiang and other cold-region contexts.
- Open Access
- 22 May 2025
- Published by MDPI AG in Sustainability
- Vol. 17 (11) , 4756
Sustainable Color Development Strategies for Ancient Chinese Historical Commercial Areas: A Case Study of Suzhou’s Xueshi Street–Wuzounfang Street
This study focuses on the issue of visual sustainability of colors in commercial historical districts, taking the historical area of Xueshi Street–Wuzoufang Street in Suzhou, China as a case study. It explores how to balance modern commercial development with the protection of historical culture. Due to the impact of commercialization and the introduction of various immature protection policies, historical districts often face the dilemma of coexisting “color conflict” and “color poverty”. Traditional color protection methods are either overly subjective or excessively quantitative, making it difficult to balance scientific rigor and adaptability. Therefore, this study provides a detailed literature review, compares and selects current quantitative color research methods, and proposes a comprehensive color analysis framework based on ViT (Vision Transformer), the CIEDE2000 color difference model, and K-means clustering (V-C-K framework). Using this framework, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the color-harmony situation in the studied area, aiming to accurately identify color issues in the district and provide optimization strategies. The experimental results show that the commercial colors of the Xueshi Street–Wuzoufang Street historical district exhibit a clear phenomenon of polarization: some areas have colors that are overly bright, leading to visual conflict, while others have colors that are too dull, lacking vitality and energy; furthermore, some areas display a mix of both conditions. Based on this situation, we then compared the extracted negative colors to the prohibited colors in the mainstream Munsell color system’s urban-color management guidelines. We found that colors with “high lightness and high saturation”, which are strictly limited by traditional color criteria, are not necessarily disharmonious, while “low lightness and low saturation” colors that are not restricted may not guarantee harmony either and could exacerbate the area’s “dilapidated feeling”. In other words, traditional color-protection standards often emphasize the safety of “low saturation and low lightness” colors unilaterally, ignoring that they can also cause dullness and discordance in certain environments. Under the (color difference value) threshold framework, color recognition is relatively more sensitive, balancing the inclusivity of “vibrant” colors and the caution against “dull” colors. Based on the above experimental results, this study proposes the following recommendations: (1) use the threshold to control the commercial colors in the district, ensuring that the colors align with the historical atmosphere while possessing commercial vitality; (2) in protection practices, comprehensively utilize the ViT, CIEDE2000, and K-means quantitative methods (i.e., the V-C-K framework) to reduce subjective errors; (3) based on the above quantitative framework, while referencing the reasonable parts of existing protection guidelines, combine cooperative collaboration, cultural group color preference surveys, policy incentives, and continuous monitoring and feedback to construct an operable plan for the entire “recognition–analysis–control” process.- 22 May 2025
- Published by MDPI AG in Sustainability
- Vol. 17 (11) , 4756
Open AccessSustainable Color Development Strategies for Ancient Chinese Historical Commercial Areas: A Case Study of Suzhou’s Xueshi Street–Wuzounfang Street
This study focuses on the issue of visual sustainability of colors in commercial historical districts, taking the historical area of Xueshi Street–Wuzoufang Street in Suzhou, China as a case study. It explores how to balance modern commercial development with the protection of historical culture. Due to the impact of commercialization and the introduction of various immature protection policies, historical districts often face the dilemma of coexisting “color conflict” and “color poverty”. Traditional color protection methods are either overly subjective or excessively quantitative, making it difficult to balance scientific rigor and adaptability. Therefore, this study provides a detailed literature review, compares and selects current quantitative color research methods, and proposes a comprehensive color analysis framework based on ViT (Vision Transformer), the CIEDE2000 color difference model, and K-means clustering (V-C-K framework). Using this framework, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the color-harmony situation in the studied area, aiming to accurately identify color issues in the district and provide optimization strategies. The experimental results show that the commercial colors of the Xueshi Street–Wuzoufang Street historical district exhibit a clear phenomenon of polarization: some areas have colors that are overly bright, leading to visual conflict, while others have colors that are too dull, lacking vitality and energy; furthermore, some areas display a mix of both conditions. Based on this situation, we then compared the extracted negative colors to the prohibited colors in the mainstream Munsell color system’s urban-color management guidelines. We found that colors with “high lightness and high saturation”, which are strictly limited by traditional color criteria, are not necessarily disharmonious, while “low lightness and low saturation” colors that are not restricted may not guarantee harmony either and could exacerbate the area’s “dilapidated feeling”. In other words, traditional color-protection standards often emphasize the safety of “low saturation and low lightness” colors unilaterally, ignoring that they can also cause dullness and discordance in certain environments. Under the (color difference value) threshold framework, color recognition is relatively more sensitive, balancing the inclusivity of “vibrant” colors and the caution against “dull” colors. Based on the above experimental results, this study proposes the following recommendations: (1) use the threshold to control the commercial colors in the district, ensuring that the colors align with the historical atmosphere while possessing commercial vitality; (2) in protection practices, comprehensively utilize the ViT, CIEDE2000, and K-means quantitative methods (i.e., the V-C-K framework) to reduce subjective errors; (3) based on the above quantitative framework, while referencing the reasonable parts of existing protection guidelines, combine cooperative collaboration, cultural group color preference surveys, policy incentives, and continuous monitoring and feedback to construct an operable plan for the entire “recognition–analysis–control” process. - Open Access
- 14 March 2024
- Published by MDPI AG in Sustainability
- Vol. 16 (6) , 2417
Color Authenticity for the Sustainable Development of Historical Areas: A Case Study of Shiquan
Currently, historical areas in China are facing issues of color authenticity and excessive commercialization. Colors, as an important element of historical areas, reflect their history and culture. However, there are some flaws in the existing research methods, so a more scientific and systematic method is needed to obtain accurate and objective color visualization results to promote the sustainable development of historical areas. In order to explore the methods and applications of visualizing the environmental color patterns of historical areas, Shiquan Street in Suzhou, China, was taken as the research object; ArcGIS 10.5 was used to obtain the street-view photo samples; Matlab was used to summarize the architectural colors of the historical areas; and K-means clustering was used to generate the central color card of the historical areas, thus completing the color visualization of the historical areas, followed by further searching for the color patterns and central colors, so as to explore the strategies for sustainable development of historical areas. The various quantified color models of historical areas can explore the regional uniqueness and color locality of historical areas, which avoids problems such as homogenization of block colors, unclear styles and features, and an excessive proportion of commercial colors caused by poor color guidance and control in the design related to historical areas, providing approaches to the research on the harmonious unity of environmental colors and features related to historical areas. A color-based research method has been proposed to protect and maintain the original appearance of historical areas. The application of this method provides a new perspective and possibility for the protection of historical areas, allowing these areas to achieve historical sustainability while maintaining their historical characteristics and values.
- 14 March 2024
- Published by MDPI AG in Sustainability
- Vol. 16 (6) , 2417
Open AccessColor Authenticity for the Sustainable Development of Historical Areas: A Case Study of Shiquan
Currently, historical areas in China are facing issues of color authenticity and excessive commercialization. Colors, as an important element of historical areas, reflect their history and culture. However, there are some flaws in the existing research methods, so a more scientific and systematic method is needed to obtain accurate and objective color visualization results to promote the sustainable development of historical areas. In order to explore the methods and applications of visualizing the environmental color patterns of historical areas, Shiquan Street in Suzhou, China, was taken as the research object; ArcGIS 10.5 was used to obtain the street-view photo samples; Matlab was used to summarize the architectural colors of the historical areas; and K-means clustering was used to generate the central color card of the historical areas, thus completing the color visualization of the historical areas, followed by further searching for the color patterns and central colors, so as to explore the strategies for sustainable development of historical areas. The various quantified color models of historical areas can explore the regional uniqueness and color locality of historical areas, which avoids problems such as homogenization of block colors, unclear styles and features, and an excessive proportion of commercial colors caused by poor color guidance and control in the design related to historical areas, providing approaches to the research on the harmonious unity of environmental colors and features related to historical areas. A color-based research method has been proposed to protect and maintain the original appearance of historical areas. The application of this method provides a new perspective and possibility for the protection of historical areas, allowing these areas to achieve historical sustainability while maintaining their historical characteristics and values.
- Open Access
- 8 February 2024
- Published by MDPI AG in Preprints.org
Exploring the Sustainable Development of Historical Areas Based on Color Visualization: A Case Study of Shiquan Street in Suzhou, China
Currently, historical areas in China are facing issues of color authenticity and excessive commercialization. Colors, as an important element of historical areas, reflect their history and culture. However, there are some flaws in the existing research methods, so a more scientific and systematic method is needed to obtain accurate and objective color visualization results to promote the sustainable development of historical areas. In order to explore the methods and applications of visualizing the environmental color genes of historical areas, Shiquan Street in Suzhou, China was taken as the research object, ArcGIS 10.5 was used to obtain the street veiw photo samples, Matlab was used to summarize the architectural colors of the historical areas, and K-means clustering was used to generate the central color card of the historical areas, thus completing the color visualization of the historical areas, followed by further searching for the color patterns and central colors, so as to explore the strategies for sustainable development of historical areas. The various quantified color models of historical areas can explore the regional uniqueness and color locality of historical areas, which avoids problems such as homogenization of block colors, unclear styles and features, and excessive proportion of commercial colors caused by poor color guidance and control in the design related to historical areas, providing approaches to the research on the harmonious unity of environmental colors and features related to historical areas.
- 8 February 2024
- Published by MDPI AG in Preprints.org
Open AccessExploring the Sustainable Development of Historical Areas Based on Color Visualization: A Case Study of Shiquan Street in Suzhou, China
Currently, historical areas in China are facing issues of color authenticity and excessive commercialization. Colors, as an important element of historical areas, reflect their history and culture. However, there are some flaws in the existing research methods, so a more scientific and systematic method is needed to obtain accurate and objective color visualization results to promote the sustainable development of historical areas. In order to explore the methods and applications of visualizing the environmental color genes of historical areas, Shiquan Street in Suzhou, China was taken as the research object, ArcGIS 10.5 was used to obtain the street veiw photo samples, Matlab was used to summarize the architectural colors of the historical areas, and K-means clustering was used to generate the central color card of the historical areas, thus completing the color visualization of the historical areas, followed by further searching for the color patterns and central colors, so as to explore the strategies for sustainable development of historical areas. The various quantified color models of historical areas can explore the regional uniqueness and color locality of historical areas, which avoids problems such as homogenization of block colors, unclear styles and features, and excessive proportion of commercial colors caused by poor color guidance and control in the design related to historical areas, providing approaches to the research on the harmonious unity of environmental colors and features related to historical areas.