Krzysztof Dobrzeniecki

Background: Premenstrual disorders (PMDs), including premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, are common conditions that may substantially affect adolescents’ physical and psychological well-being. However, their presentation and management during adolescence are complicated by reproductive-axis maturation, overlap with other medical conditions, and limited adolescent-specific evidence. This review aimed to provide an interdisciplinary perspective on PMDs in adolescents, integrating biological, psychological, developmental, clinical, and sociocultural aspects. Methods: A structured narrative review was conducted. Publications addressing the neuroendocrine and developmental mechanisms, clinical manifestations, psychosocial consequences, diagnosis, and treatment of PMDs were considered, with adolescent-specific evidence prioritized where available. Results: Current evidence suggests that PMDs are associated with altered sensitivity to physiological ovarian steroid fluctuations and their neuroactive effects rather than abnormal circulating hormone concentrations alone. In adolescents, PMDs may present with diverse somatic, affective, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms and are associated with impaired quality of life, school functioning, interpersonal relationships, and psychological well-being. Diagnostic assessment remains challenging because symptoms may overlap with normal pubertal changes and psychiatric disorders. Prospective monitoring of symptom cyclicity and functional impairment is therefore essential. Pharmacological treatments, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and selected combined oral contraceptives, represent important therapeutic options, while psychological, lifestyle, physical activity, and physiotherapeutic interventions may provide additional benefits. However, most treatment evidence is derived from adult populations. Conclusions: PMDs in adolescents should be conceptualized as multidimensional conditions requiring an interdisciplinary approach integrating gynecological, psychiatric, psychological, endocrinological, primary care, and lifestyle perspectives. Greater recognition and developmentally appropriate assessment may facilitate earlier diagnosis and individualized management. Further prospective, adolescent-specific research is needed to clarify the biological and psychosocial determinants of PMDs and establish evidence-based strategies for their multidisciplinary management.

Human sexual development begins in the prenatal period and continues throughout life, shaped by both biological and psychosocial factors. Somatic development leads to reproductive maturity through several stages regulated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Psychosexual development, described in classical theories such as Freud’s and in contemporary models, emphasizes the development of gender identity and sexual behaviors from infancy through early and middle childhood into adolescence, a period characterized by the integration of sexual and emotional components. This developmental trajectory evolves from a biologically driven process into a conscious, socially shaped phenomenon through concretization, mentalization, and socialization. To synthesize current knowledge, this paper is based on a literature review conducted across multiple databases, with studies selected and evaluated for relevance to both somatic and psychosexual development. Understanding the dynamics of these processes is essential for clinical practice, sexual education, and health prevention. It emphasizes integrated clinical practices that employ a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating both medical treatment and psychological support, particularly in the care of children and adolescents with disorders of sexual development. This article presents a comprehensive overview of human sexual development from the prenatal period through adolescence, considering its somatic and psychosexual aspects.

INTRODUCTION Microscopic colitis (MC) is an often-overlooked inflammatory disorder of the colon. It presents with persistent, non-bloody, watery diarrhea. The characteristic of the condition is a lack of visible endoscopic abnormalities. It includes two main histological forms: collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis. While it mostly affects older individuals, MC is often missed in clinical practice, resulting in prolonged symptoms and excessive diagnostic procedures. AIM OF THE STUDY This review aims to present current knowledge of microscopic colitis. We summarize its key symptoms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and available therapies. The goal of this study is to understand this disease better and demonstrate why early detection and accurate diagnosis are important. MATERIALS AND METHODS A structured literature search was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies on MC. We focused on diagnostic methods and therapy possibilities. The search included relevant keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Supplementary articles were included through manual review of the reference lists from key publications. CONCLUSION Microscopic colitis can be treated. Unfortunately, it is often underdiagnosed as a cause of chronic diarrhea in adults. Once you identify it quickly and confirm the disorder with histological samples, you can initiate effective treatment, usually with budesonide. Early recognition can minimize unnecessary, often expensive, testing and patient suffering. Ongoing follow-up may be necessary in cases with frequent relapse.

Among omega-3 fats, DHA and EPA stand out for their role in keeping the brain and nervous system healthy. Because the body cannot make sufficient amounts by itself, dietary intake is essential. These nutrients help nerve cells remain flexible and support smooth communication in the nervous system. While DHA is especially valuable for memory and mental performance, EPA, on the other hand, is mostly associated with managing brain inflammation. Omega-3s protect nerve cells by easing inflammation and promoting cell survival. They also help damaged nerve tissue heal and encourage the growth of new brain cells, which supports clear thinking and learning. Certain substances derived from DHA and EPA help protect the brain from stress and cell loss. Researchers have found that omega-3s may be useful for people dealing with Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and multiple sclerosis. In Alzheimer’s disease, these fats might preserve connections between brain cells. In Parkinson’s disease, they may assist with movement and nerve function. For people with MS, omega-3s could help by lowering inflammation and promoting the repair of nerve fibers. While omega-3s aren’t a cure, including them in the diet might help protect brain health and slow down the progression of the diseases.

Introduction and objective: Acne vulgaris is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting hair and sebaceous follicles, characterized by skin lesions most commonly appearing on the face. Several factors predispose individuals to the development of acne, including hormonal imbalances, genetic predisposition, and the use of certain medications. This review aims to evaluate and summarize first-line and advanced pharmacological treatments for acne vulgaris, highlighting their efficacy, safety, and emerging therapies for optimal management. Review methods: The literature review utilized databases covering sources from PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science using the search terms encompassing the following keywords: ‘acne vulgaris’ and ‘topical retinoid therapy’, ‘benzoyl peroxide’, ‘azelaic acid’, ‘topical antibiotics’, ‘oral antibiotics’, ‘contraceptive agents’, ‘antiandrogen therapy’, ‘isotretinoin’. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Current treatment methods range from topical therapies (i.e. antibiotics and retinoids) for mild cases to systemic medications (i.e. antibiotics, retinoids, and hormonal) for moderate to severe acne. In most cases, treatment should start with topical therapy. Summary: Early intervention is crucial to mitigate the risk of scarring and psychosocial consequences. Emerging therapeutic strategies have the potential to enhance treatment outcomes.

Introduction and objective: Varicose veins in the lower extremities are a clinical manifestation of chronic venous disease. The condition is highly prevalent, with incidence increasing with age. Varicose veins are often accompanied by pain, and neglecting treatment can lead to complications such as superficial vein inflammation, deep vein thrombosis, and, most critically, pulmonary embolism. The primary aim of this study was to analyze and compare the efficacy and safety of available contemporary invasive methods for treating varicose veins in the lower extremities. Additionally, this paper addresses the epidemiology, etiology, and clinical presentation of chronic venous insufficiency. Review methods: The literature review utilized databases covering sources from PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Scopus. Keywords included: ‘varicose veins of the lower limbs’; ‘spider veins’; ‘EVLT (endovenous laser treatment of the small saphenous vein and great saphenous vein)’; ‘sclerotherapy’; ‘diode laser’; ‘varicose vein surgeries of the lower limbs’. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Numerous methods for treating lower limb varicose veins are available. Among all treatment options, minimally invasive procedures using laser technology, steam, or radiofrequency waves are the most common. These procedures have been successfully performed for many years, with an estimated effectiveness of approximately 90% over a five-year observation period. Summary: Despite the high prevalence and complex pathophysiological mechanisms of varicose veins in the lower extremities, current treatment methods allow for a satisfactory therapeutic outcome in most patients.

Technological advancements are significantly transforming various medical fields, including urology. The increasing adoption of minimally invasive surgical techniques and robotic assistance is particularly impactful. Three partial nephrectomy techniques are investigated: open partial nephrectomy, laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, and robot-assisted partial nephrectomy. Among these, robot-assisted partial nephrectomy is considered to be superior due to shorter warm ischemia time, reduced blood loss, better early renal functional preservation, and shorter hospital stays. The zero-ischemia partial nephrectomy concept aims to improve postoperative kidney function outcomes. The integration of robotic technology and advancements in artificial intelligence and surgical training systems are expected to further enhance surgical techniques. Artificial intelligence, particularly when combined with computer vision algorithms, shows potential for creating precise and automated three-dimensional models for surgical planning in complex robot-assisted partial nephrectomy procedures, potentially leading to better patient outcomes. This review identifies the current capabilities and prospective advancements in the application of robotic technology in partial nephrectomy.

Introduction Pertussis, a highly transmissible respiratory infection mainly caused by Bordetella pertussis, remains one of the most widespread public health concerns despite the establishment of global vaccination initiatives. The disease manifests as paroxysmal coughing followed by a characteristic high-pitched “whooping” sound, and post-tussive vomiting. Severe complications can include pneumonia, encephalopathy, and even mortality, particularly in infants. Aim of the study This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of pertussis, encompassing its clinical presentation, complications, diagnostic methods, epidemiological aspects, and vaccination strategies, with a special focus on the development and potential impact of a novel nasal pertussis vaccine. Brief description of the state of knowledge Diagnosis of pertussis often relies on recognizing typical symptoms supported by laboratory confirmation through culture methods, polymerase chain reaction testing, or enzyme–linked immunosorbent assays. This disease leads to considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide, accompanied by profound medical, social and economic challenges. Summary To address the limitations of existing vaccines, a novel nasal pertussis vaccine has been proposed. This vaccine aims to elicit robust mucosal immune responses, thereby providing enhanced protection against infection and preventing the asymptomatic transmission of Bordetella pertussis. The study offers a detailed examination of pertussis and comprehensive statistics to support the analysis, providing valuable insights into the epidemiology, highlighting the need for improved vaccination strategies to mitigate the disease's impact.

Climate change can affect the mental health of children and adolescents. This age group is considered particularly vulnerable to this impact because they are in a period of cognitive and emotional development, during which they are still developing their coping skills. Children and teenagers with pre-existing mental health disorders, such as depression or anxiety, are especially at risk. It is important for parents, medical personnel, and others working with children and adolescents to have the necessary knowledge to help them cope with these challenges. This publication aims to present the current state of knowledge regarding the impact of climate change on the mental health of children and adolescents. Both the direct and indirect effects of these changes will be analyzed, along with strategies for coping with them. By understanding the potential risks, it is possible to develop effective psychological support strategies to minimize the negative impact of climate change on children and adolescents.

Small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by an abnormal growth of bacterial populations within the small intestine. These conditions disrupt the balance of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to a variety of clinical symptoms and complications. Excessive bacterial proliferation in the small intestine often results from impaired motility, anatomical abnormalities or changes in the immune system. These factors contribute to the fermentation of undecomposed carbohydrates, leading to the production of gasses and toxic by-products, causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea and malabsorption. A variety of diagnostic methods, including breath tests and small bowel aspirate cultures, are used to accurately identify excessive bacterial growth. Treatment of SIBO involves a multidisciplinary approach, including dietary modifications, antibiotic therapy and prokinetic agents. Antibiotic treatment remains the cornerstone of therapy, but relapses require a focus on identifying and eliminating predisposing factors.