Kumar Gomathi

A fall detection system enhances the quality of life for elderly individuals by allowing them to live independently without constant care. It is more accurate and cost-effective compared to image-based systems. The system includes two key components: detection, which identifies falls by comparing daily activity data with abnormal sensor values, and communication, which alerts emergency contacts. By using heart rate and oxygen sensors, it can determine whether a fall is conscious or unconscious. Wearable devices, particularly wrist devices, provide accurate data, but current models primarily detect falls without offering additional health information. Future improvements may include wireless data transmission for increased efficiency.

This paper aims to measure the human hand tremor caused by handheld device using a low-g micro-accelerometer. A novel low-g area-changed differential capacitive micro-accelerometer is designed and analyzed using microproduct design software INTELLISUITE 8.6. Thermo-electro-mechanical analysis is conducted for applied acceleration within the low-g range spans between 0 and 10 g. Existing design performances such as displacement and sensitivity are compared with new proposed design. The sensitivity of micro-accelerometer is improved by using U-shaped spring. The designed micro-accelerometer is used to find vibration that exists while using handheld device. Experimentation is done to measure vibration under dissimilar surfaces. The workers are made to drill three different surface blocks namely paver block, solid cement block, and black stone, and vibrations produced are recorded. These accelerations are intended to calculate exposure action value (EAV) and exposure limit value (ELV) for 8 hours of a working day so that worker can halt the work as soon as ELV is accomplished.

3D printing technology is one type of additive manufacturing processing in which three dimensional solid objects can be created by consecutive layers. It is often referred as rapid prototyping. In this process, 3D models are easily generated on a relatively sized system linked to a device containing object blueprints where this idea of custom production is an exciting one. By using of inkjet printing technology, this innovative approach for making 3D models saves time. To create an overall structure in its own way this technology is often preferred. The major part used to develop a pattern is the cartridge which can be used in most applications such as jewellery design, Architecture domain, Health care, and Engineering. Most required design is created with the help of Computer-Aided Design or 3D Scanner where the cost of a 3D printer is merely high; so a cost-effective low-cost 3D printer with suitable components is fabricated.

The unwanted disturbance in the form of vibration causes damages to the components produced and reduces the efficiency of the machine. Analysing and controlling the vibration is very important for moving machines. The working principle of 3D printer is Additive Manufacturing Technique. Thus, for a minute vibration the observable defects are produced. So, it is necessary to analyse the vibrations of the 3D printer. To analyse a machine, it is important to know about the motions produced by the machine, then suitable sensors must be chosen to measure those motions. The condition of the machine can be found using sensor measurement values. A 3D printer produces three types of motions such as point to point motion, zigzag motion and continuous motion. The vibration produced during each of these motions is monitored using the conventional accelerometer, micro accelerometer and the micro flown sensor. The values of micro accelerometer are acquired using Arduino and NI – cDAQ9174. The results from each of these sensors are analysed and compared. From the results, it is clear that during the continuous motion the vibration is very less since it is observed during the soft edges of the components. The vibration is maximum and rhythmic during the zigzag motion due to sudden acceleration and deceleration. The point to point motion is produced while using the support material.

This paper deals with the design and optimization of a differential capacitive micro accelerometer for better displacement since other types of micro accelerometer lags in sensitivity and linearity. To overcome this problem, a capacitive area-changed technique is adopted to improve the sensitivity even in a wide acceleration range (0–100 g). The linearity is improved by designing a U-folded suspension. The movable mass of the accelerometer is designed with many fingers connected in parallel and suspended over the stationary electrodes. This arrangement gives the differential comb-type capacitive accelerometer. The area changed capacitive accelerometer is designed using Intellisuite 8.6 Software. Design parameters such as spring width and radius, length, and width of the proof mass are optimized using Minitab 17 software. Mechanical sensitivity of 0.3506 μm/g and Electrical sensitivity of 4.706 μF/g are achieved. The highest displacement of 7.899 μm is obtained with a cross-axis sensitivity of 0.47%.

This paper portrays an accelerometer as a motion sensor used to measure acceleration, vibration, and tilt angles which plays a vital role in the constructional field, inertial measurements, automotive safety system, biomedical, and yet other safety applications. A small packaged accelerometer can be made larger in size by acquiring an external power source or battery. The designed micro-accelerometer is fabricated using clean room technology, which is not quite cost effective, and even the silicon base is replaced by steel because of steel’s high yield strength and low cost to fabricate a mesoscale accelerometer. Design parameters are optimized by a Decision Tree Algorithm where the optimized dimensions are used to model the mesoscale accelerometer in INTELLISUITE 8.6 software. A Wire-cut discharger is used for the fabrication of mechanical elements of an accelerometer with a spring steel foil to reduce fabrication cost. Finally, the fabricated accelerometer with a mesoscale was made to undergo experimentation with a hammer drill and compared with simulation results to evaluate its performance in a harsh construction environment. 0.576 (μm/g) of mechanical sensitivity and 0.629 (pF/g) of electrical sensitivity is achieved.

Robust stabilization is an important characterization to get improved in the control system to optimize the performance of the desired system. Most of the controllers available suffer from problems such as difficulty in the tuning process, sluggishness in response time, quick and global convergence, etc. This paper considered proportional-integral optimized with genetic algorithm (GA-PID)controller on inverted pendulum for the control of the angle position. A MATLAB script for a GA was developed to obtain optimum PID parameters that would keep the pendulum angle at equilibrium (i.e., returns the pendulum to the desired point as quickly as possible) by minimizing an objective function (integral time absolute error [ITAE]). Furthermore, obtained outcomes confirm the performance of holding on the upright position from the downward direction such that the angle of the pendulum is manipulated to control the inverted position in its erect position in a rapid manner. In the experimental analysis, the developed GA-based PID controller is compared with the conventional PID controller to evaluate the performance of the inverted pendulum. The obtained results show that the GA-based PID controller confirms the enhanced performance indexes by holding minimum settling time and peak overshoot on comparing with the conventional PID controller.