Yuedong Li

Objective: Planting configuration is an important factor in regulating rice yield and quality. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of mechanized transplanting configuration on yield formation and grain quality in northern China. Methods: A two-year field experiment (2022-2023) was conducted using the japonica cultivar Liaojing 419, comparing four planting modes: local farmer’s method (LFM, equal row spacing), conventional densification (CDM), narrow-row densification (NDM), and wide-narrow row densification (WNDM). Measurements included yield and its components, biomass accumulation, soluble sugar content in grains, processing quality (head rice yield), cooking and eating quality, and starch granule morphology of milled rice powder. Results: The order of grain yield is WNDM>NDM>CDM>LFM, although NDM has the highest dry matter mass and productive panicles, WNDM has the highest product of total grain number (/m ² ) and thousand grain weight, which determines rice yield. LFM has the best processing quality (67.66 and 68.66 in head rice rate, respectively), appearance quality, taste quality and produced milled rice powder with the smoothest particle surfaces, followed by WNDM. WNDM led to the highest soluble sugar content in grains at 15, 25and 35 days after anthesis and highest head rice yield (7,895.51 and 8,066.34 kg/ha). The soluble sugar content in grains at 25and 35 days were extremely significantly (p<0.01) positively correlated with head rice yield. Conclusion: The mechanized wide-narrow row densification configuration presents a balanced strategy that enhances grain yield and milling quality while maintaining acceptable eating quality. It offers a promising planting method for improving overall productivity in mechanized japonica rice systems in northern China.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of row and hill spacing patterns on rice populations during mechanized production, material accumulation and transport, and photosynthetic characteristics and to explore the role of these factors in improving rice yield.Methods: An field experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2023 with Liaojing 419 as the test material under four planting modes: LFM: local farmer cultivation mode was used as a control; and CDM: conventional densification mode; NDM: narrow row densification mode; and WNDM: wide narrow row densification mode were used as the treatment modes. Field mechanized transplantation experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of plant pattern on the physiological and morphological characteristics of rice plant individuals and populations, and clarify the relationships of physiological and biochemical changes with row and hill spacing.Results: The result shows that WNDM presented the greatest yield advantage in the two years trial, with yield significantly greater than that of the local farmer mode and other densification modes, with an increase of more than 8% compared with LFM. The reciprocal second leaf yielded the highest values, at 27.33 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 and 27.13 μmol·m^-2·s^-1under the WNDM over two years, which were significantly higher than those of the other modes. The WNDM resulted in the greatest accumulation of biomass during the heading–maturity stage, with values of 6.23 t/ha and 6.07 t/ha, respectively. Compared with the LFM, the WNDM had higher biomass at maturity, at 23.64 t/ha and 23.75 t/ha for two years, an increase of 17.90% and 17.87%, respectively. The sugar spikelets ratio was highest under the WNDM, which was significantly greater than those in the CDM and NDM.Conclusions: The wide narrow row densification mode of mechanized transplanting not only improved yield but also effectively optimized the population spatial distribution, improved resource utilization efficiency, and presented high production adaptability and promotion potential.Significance: This study provides theoretical and practical references for improving rice production efficiency and promoting high-quality mechanized processes in Northeast China, which is highly important for achieving sustainable development in modern agriculture.

Mechanical transplanting has become an important part of modern Chinese rice production, and an inadequate sowing rate severely inhibits rice seedling growth and development. Precision drill sowing is an effective method for obtaining higher quality seedlings during machine transplanting. There is a lack of systematic research on the precision drilling of rice. Therefore, we carried out research on the quality of machine-transplanted seedlings and precision drill sowing transplantation. A greenhouse experiment (Liaoning Rice Research Institute) and field experiment (Sujiatun District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China) were conducted between 2020 and 2021 to analyze the influence of precision drill sowing on rice growth and yield. Precision drill sowing was conducted at four sowing rates (3400, 3600, 3800, and 4000 seeds/tray), and traditional broadcasting was also conducted at a sowing rate of 4000 seeds/tray. We evaluated the seedling rice quality, physiological and biochemical characteristics and transplanting quantity. The results indicated that precision drill sowing at a sowing rate of 3400 seeds/tray resulted in the highest plumpness value (0.18) and seedling strength index (0.42) of individual plants. However, the empty hill rate was as high as 3.05%, which did not satisfy the field seedling number requirement. Precision drill sowing at a sowing rate of 4000 seeds/tray resulted in the lowest physiological (the average levels of SOD, POD and soluble protein were 311.78 µg/g, 8.25 µg/g and 1.28 µg/g) and biochemical indices of individual plants. The damaged seedling rate increased by 2.07%, and the dead seedling rate increased by 0.25%, resulting in poor seedling and transplanting quality. In this study, 3800 seeds/tray was the best option and had the highest yields of 10,776.60 kg/ha and 10,730.85 kg/ha over the two years. This sowing approach performs well in terms of field transplanting, provides a balance point between seedling number and quality and is conducive to rice yield production. The results of this study are important for improving rice seedling quality, enhancing field transplanting quantity and increasing rice yield and food security.

Reducing nitrogen fertilizer application, selecting a reasonable planting density, and adding silicon fertilizer can be used together to decrease excessive nitrogen fertilizer inputs in rice fields, reduce production costs, and ensure stable rice yield. However, the dynamics of the stem and internodes, as well as the changes in the physical and physiological characteristics of rice under a combination of these three strategies, are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to clarify these effects to improve the efficiency of rice production in northeastern China. A 2-year field experiment was conducted using five treatments: a conventional densification treatment (DM), a densification combined with reduced N input (−20%) treatment (DLM), and three densifications combined with reduced N input (−20%) and basal silicon fertilizer treatments (low fertilizer: DLMS1; medium fertilizer: DLMS2; and high fertilizer: DLMS3). This study revealed that the addition of silicon fertilizer improved rice yield compared to that under reduced nitrogen or increased density treatments alone, prevented excessive ineffective tillering after a density increase, and increased the number of productive panicles. Among the treatments, the DLMS3 treatment had the highest yields of 10.53 t/ha and 10.73 t/ha over the 2 years. Reducing nitrogen and increasing density reduced the weight and length of single panicles, while the addition of silicon fertilizer was beneficial for improving stem toughness, improving the physical and physiological characteristics of the plants and panicles, and enhancing plant bending resistance. Among the treatments, DLMS3 had the highest bending resistance, which increased by 440.1 g and 503.8 g compared to the lowest values in the DM treatment in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Nitrogen reduction resulted in the lowest lodging index values, with DLMS3 having the lowest values in both years, which decreased by 19.6% and 22.5% compared to the highest values in DM (2020) and DLM (2021), respectively. This study indicates that the application of 150.0 kg/ha silicon fertilizer in combination with reduced nitrogen and increased density (DLMS3) reduces the lodging index while ensuring rice yield, preventing a tradeoff between yield reduction and lodging due to a density increase or due to nitrogen reduction combined with a density increase and allowing for a reduction in nitrogen fertilizer input, which could ensure a uniform yield and an increase in lodging resistance. These results provide a scientific basis for rice cultivation measures that lead to high yield and lodging resistance while protecting the environment.