Jasmine Lye Yee Yap

Maternal metabolic dysfunction adversely influences embryonic muscle oxidative capacity and mitochondrial biogenesis, increasing the child’s long-term risks of developing obesity and metabolic syndrome in later life. This pilot study explored the mechanistic basis of embryonic muscle metabolic programming, employing non-invasive magnetic field exposures. Brief (10 min) exposure to low-energy (1.5 milliTesla at 50 Hertz) pulsing electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) has been shown in mammals to promote oxidative muscle development, associated with enhanced muscular mitochondriogenesis, augmented lipid metabolism, and attenuated inflammatory status. In this study, quail eggs were used as a model system to investigate the potential of analogous PEMF therapy to modulate embryonic muscle oxidative capacity independently of maternal influence. Quail eggs were administered five 10-min PEMF exposures to either upward-directed or downward-directed magnetic fields over 13 days. Embryos receiving magnetic treatment exhibited increased embryo weight, size, and survival compared to non-exposed controls. Upward exposure was associated with larger embryos, redder breast musculature, and upregulated levels of PPAR-α and PGC-1α, transcriptional regulators promoting oxidative muscle development, mitochondriogenesis, and angiogenesis, whereas downward exposure augmented collagen levels and reduced angiogenesis. Exposure to upward PEMFs may hence serve as a method to promote embryonic growth and oxidative muscle development and improve embryonic mortality.

Preclinical studies have shown that the blood from female mice exposed weekly to magnetic fields inhibited breast cancer growth. This double-blind randomized controlled trial investigated whether analogous magnetic therapy could produce similar anticancer sera from human subjects. Twenty-six healthy adult females (ages 30–45) were assigned to either a magnetic therapy group, receiving twice weekly 1 mT magnetic exposures (10 min/session) for 4 weeks, or a control group, who underwent identical sham exposure. Blood sera were evaluated for their capacity to modulate breast cancer-related cellular responses and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. The sera from the magnetic therapy group subjects exhibited significant anticancer effects that were strongest one month after the last magnetic exposure, whereas the sera from unexposed females or unexposed or exposed males showed no effect. Female sera from the magnetic therapy group (n = 12) reduced breast cancer cell proliferation (16.1%), migration (11.8%) and invasion (28.2%) and reduced the levels of key EMT markers relative to the control sera (n = 14). Magnetic therapy modulated the serum levels of angiogenic and myogenic biomarkers in a manner consistent with improved cancer management. Muscle-targeted magnetic therapy holds the potential to enhance the anticancer properties of human blood via an adaptive process, akin to exercise training.

Briefly (10 min) exposing C2C12 myotubes to low amplitude (1.5 mT) pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) generated a conditioned media (pCM) that was capable of mitigating breast cancer cell growth, migration, and invasiveness in vitro, whereas the conditioned media harvested from unexposed myotubes, representing constitutively released secretome (cCM), was less effective. Administering pCM to breast cancer microtumors engrafted onto the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken eggs reduced tumor volume and vascularity. Blood serum collected from PEMF-exposed or exercised mice allayed breast cancer cell growth, migration, and invasiveness. A secretome preconditioning methodology is presented that accentuates the graded anticancer potencies of both the cCM and pCM harvested from myotubes, demonstrating an adaptive response to pCM administered during early myogenesis that emulated secretome-based exercise adaptations observed in vivo. HTRA1 was shown to be upregulated in pCM and was demonstrated to be necessary and sufficient for the anticancer potency of the pCM; recombinant HTRA1 added to basal media recapitulated the anticancer effects of pCM and antibody-based absorption of HTRA1 from pCM precluded its anticancer effects. Brief and non-invasive PEMF stimulation may represent a method to commandeer the secretome response of muscle, both in vitro and in vivo, for clinical exploitation in breast and other cancers.