Alberto Luis Pantaleón Santa María

Global trade and globalization have driven growth and diversification in the horticultural industry. Fresh grapes, a key product, face challenges of market volatility, trade barriers, and logistics. Market diversification is essential for stability and competitiveness in international trade. This research focused on analyzing market diversification in Peru’s fresh grape exports during the 2013–2022 period, exploring its implications for international trade. A quantitative methodology was used, along with the analysis of publicly recorded data on the website of the National Superintendence of Customs and Tax Administration, specifically exports from companies shipping under the national subheading for Grapes (0806.10.00.00). Diversification was analyzed using the Herfindahl–Hirschman concentration index (HHI), and competitiveness through the Balassa index. The main findings were that between 2013 and 2022, Peruvian grape exports grew in value (CAGR of 12.02%) and volume (CAGR of 12.13%). The sector expanded with an average of 151.2 companies and 59.1 destination markets. Diversification varied: the USA (12.4%), the Netherlands (1.6%), Hong Kong (4.2%), and Mexico (63.2%). The Herfindahl–Hirschman index showed concentration in the USA (4533 in 2020, 4519 in 2022) and stability in companies (2318 in 2014, 2450 in 2022). Finally, it is recommended to strengthen the Peruvian viticultural sector by maintaining geographic diversification through policies seeking new markets, monitoring global trends, constantly analyzing market concentration, and promoting fair competition among participating companies, allowing new ones to enter this sector.

This study describes the export development, product innovation, and sustainability of Peruvian export companies toward the United States market, using a descriptive and quantitative methodology based on data from customs declarations submitted by companies trading with the United States, recorded on the Peruvian customs web portal over 20 years. A 1.03% annual growth in Peruvian exports to the United States was observed, with greater diversification of exported products, reflected in a 13% increase in tariff subheadings. Business sustainability demonstrated strength, with a 26.7% increase in exporting companies despite the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations include strengthening trade ties, investing in production diversification, and supporting export companies. Strategies such as analysis of US market demand, constant product innovation, and adoption of sustainable business practices are proposed.

The impulse that social media has given to entrepreneurship during the pandemic has been impressive; it could even be said that technology in business (entrepreneurship) has become part of everyday life. Thus, it was proposed to determine whether social media contributes to boost innovative ventures after the Post Covid-19 economic crisis. As for the methodological level, and according to the characteristics of the study, a purely quantitative approach was used, whose design aimed to be nonexperimental descriptive-correlational scope, in which 40 enterprises linked to the tertiary sector (services) located in the city of Piura participated. Finally, regarding the findings reported, it was possible to conclude that: both social media and its dimensions act as an impulse for innovative ventures after the post-Covid-19 economic crisis.