Ahmed M. T. Ibraheem Al-Naib

The parameters of an electrical power system have wide variations during the operation of electrical devices; these changes are required to be measured using an accurate meter. A cost-effective Digital Sampling Multi-meter (DSMM) using a microcontroller and two sensors was proposed to overcome the complexity of traditional power meters. Voltage and current signals from sensors were discretely time-sampled and then analysed based on the Instantaneous Power Calculation Algorithm (IPCA) using an Arduino to measure six of the electrical quantities. It Root Mean Square (RMS) terminal voltage and load current, real, reactive, and apparent power, and finally Power Factor (PF), then these were displayed on both the LCD and the PC serial monitor. Also, the instantaneous waveforms of the voltage, current, and power are easily analysed and plotted with any type of load. The IPCA algorithm was adopted because of its real-time measurement, high accuracy, ease of implementation, and low cost. Measurements are performed for linear loads (resistive, inductive, and capacitive) and non-linear loads (rectifier circuits). The proposed meter's accuracy was found to have acceptable relative percentage errors for most measured parameters, especially at linear loads (maximum relative error for Vrms 0.7% at inductive load, 5% for Irms at capacitive load, and 5% for PF at capacitive load), calculated based on the FLUKE Power Quality Meter, which was considered a high-quality measurement instrument.

This study presents the development and experimental evaluation of a photovoltaic (PV) monitoring and control system utilizing a Siemens S7-1200 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The proposed system was integrated with a DC-DC boost converter and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) supervision. The system was designed to stabilize the fluctuating output of PV panels by employing a closed-loop control strategy using a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller in conjunction with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques, maintaining a stable output voltage despite variations in solar input. The PLC, programmed via TIA Portal V17, serves as the central processing unit, acquiring analog signals from PV modules and facilitating data logging, processing, and visualization. Field testing was conducted in Kirkuk City over a 10-hour operational window to monitor key PV parameters, including terminal voltage, load current, output power, temperature, and solar irradiance. Experimental results confirm the system's effectiveness in real-time data acquisition, robust voltage regulation, and user-centric monitoring. The architecture demonstrates high scalability, accuracy, and reliability, with a cost-effective and modular design suitable for industrial deployment. Moreover, the system’s flexible structure supports adaptation for broader industrial monitoring applications following minimal calibration. This approach offers a promising solution for enhancing operational efficiency, reducing maintenance demands, and maximizing the performance of renewable energy systems.

This research focuses on the design and analysis of a seven multilevel cascaded H-Bridge CHB inverter system, with particular emphasis on its control mechanism implemented using Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) behavioral modeling, very high speed integrated circuit hardware description language (VHDL) code, which is created and verified with the Xilinx Integrated Synthesis Environment ISE 14.7 software. The proposed system employs seven cascaded H-Bridge inverters to achieve higher voltage levels and better waveform with lower Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) compared to traditional inverters. To demonstrate this concept, the entire system has been examined and simulated using the MATLAB/Simulink software package. Different values of THDs, Vrms and voltage waveforms have been achieved. The experimental values were compared with that achieved in simulation, and the comparison proved that the results meet the expectations.

In the current period, the solar energy system has become the most important source of renewable energy, such as wind, fuel cells, and others. The need for In the current period, the solar energy system has become the most important source of renewable energy, such as wind, fuel cells, and others. The need for

This paper proposed a speed control technique for Brushless Direct Current Motor (BLDC) using a Programmable Logic Control (PLC) unit. The BLDC has been widely used in many industrial applications because of its excellent structure and high performance because it needs minor maintenance requirements. A PLC is an industrially hardened computer-based unit that performs discrete or continuous control functions in various processing plants and factory environments. A closed-loop control method has been developed to maintain the motor's speed within acceptable limits and equal to the reference speed. The speed signal has been taken from a tachometer that is coupled with the rotor of the motor. The simulation result of the PLC software (logo soft comfort) gives good results for the motor's speed control. The most crucial idea of this project is that the PLC will do almost all the control actions. That is, it will compare the reference with the measured speed, then this error will be fed to the PWM block inside the PLC program, and finally, the controller will generate the required sequence for the gating signal.

Solar panels play a significant role in the renewable energy sector. However, performance monitoring of photovoltaic (PV) panels is challenging in PV systems. Moreover, solar panel testing equipment is not available everywhere and is an expensive device. So, this paper presents a method for measuring and monitoring the PV panel parameters based on a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) with a simple design. Terminal voltage, load current, the power dissipated, temperature, and intensity of light were measured and displayed both locally on the digital display unit of the PLC and remotely on a smartphone. The proposed system has good stability, reliability, and broad application prospects.

In recent years,there has been an urgent need in world for electricity. It has being increased constantly with the expansion of energy consumption via traditional energy sources which are depleting. The world has needed to turn to alternative energy, which is represented by renewable energy. The most important and most efficient of these is solar energy, and to get the maximum value of this energy with the highest efficiency, there should be direct monitoring of the performance of these solar panels. So, in this study, the Internet of Things (IoT) was used as a remote monitoring system to obtain the main factors like load current, terminal voltage, consumption power, temperature, humidity, and light intensity. The values were real and accurate, depending on the use of Adriano and sensors to measure the above-mentioned determinants and then using Wi-Fi technology to send the data that was processed in the circuit. Then the thing speak platform was used to display, analyze, and store the results in real-time

Celem artykułu jest zaprojektowanie i wdrożenie praktycznej realizacji układu sterowania ramieniem robota. Ramię robota składa się z wielu silników krokowych sterowanych przez programowalny sterownik logiczny (PLC). Stosowane są trzy rodzaje metod wzbudzania krokowego, którymi są: jednofazowe włączone, dwufazowe włączone i jedno-dwufazowe włączone do obsługi silników krokowych. Przemieszczenie kątowe, prędkość kątowa i kierunek (dwukierunkowy) silników krokowych są obsługiwane w każdej z tych metod. LOGO Siemensa! 8 24 CE został wykorzystany w tej pracy. Język Diagram blokowy funkcji jest używany do realizacji proponowanego systemu sterownika PLC za pośrednictwem programu środowiskowego „LOGO! Soft Comfort wersja 8.2”. Instrukcje kierunku oraz wartości przemieszczenia kątowego i prędkości kątowej każdego silnika używanego w ramieniu robota są obliczane i wyświetlane lokalnie na cyfrowym wyświetlaczu sterownika PLC. Dodatkowo zintegrowany serwer WWW, który umożliwia zdalne monitorowanie na smartfonie, co wymaga połączenia z routerem LOGO!. Ten artykuł podkreśla łatwość, z jaką można sterować silnikami krokowymi przy użyciu dowolnej metody wzbudzania krokowego opartej na sterowniku PLC. Korzystanie z PLC pozwala zaoszczędzić elementy elektroniczne używane w obwodzie napędowym, ponieważ niskie wymagania dotyczące obwodu interfejsu łączącego PLC i silnik krokowy są używane, co obniża koszty i zwiększa ogólną niezawodność sterownika. (Projekt kontrolera ramienia robota przemysłowego oparty oPLC)

The applications of Multilevel Converter (MLC) are increased because of the huge demand for clean power; especially these types of converters are compatible with the renewable energy sources. In addition, these new types of converters have the capability of high voltage and high power operation. A Nine-level converter in three modes of implementation; Diode Clamped-MLC (DC-MLC), Capacitor Clamped-MLC (CC-MLC), and the Modular Structured-MLC (MS-MLC) are analyzed and simulated in this paper. Various types of Multicarrier Modulation Techniques (MMTs) (Level shifted (LS), and Phase shifted (PS)) are used for operating the proposed Nine level - MLCs. Matlab/Simulink environment is used for the simulation, extracting, and analysis the results. Finally, a comparison is made between the results for all topologies that are implemented regarding to the criteria of the output voltage waveforms harmonic distortion factor, No. of the necessitated power components, and the complexity of each circuit. Based on simulation results, the MS-MLC is finer as compared to the other types of MLCs. It also observed that the MLCs (with three types) using Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) technique is performed better in terms of getting greater fundamental output voltage and lower THD% as compared to the other techniques.