Syuhada Syuhada

Sustainable self‐healing polyurethane Diels–Alder (PU‐DA) networks were synthesized from bio‐based pentamethylene diisocyanate (PDI) trimer, polyethylene glycol, 1,4‐butanediol, and bismaleimide using furfuryl alcohol (FA) or furfurylamine (FAm) as furan precursors. This study investigates how the chemistry of the furan precursor regulates network architecture and the resulting thermal, thermomechanical, and self‐healing properties. The density, swelling, and gel content measurements indicated that the precursor‐dependent urethane or urea linkages influenced the network cohesion and solvent resistance. Thermal and dynamic mechanical analyses further revealed formulation‐dependent changes in thermal stability and storage modulus, demonstrating that thermal healing effects were not uniform across the PU‐DA networks. FAm generally enhanced the thermal stability and stiffness of PEG and mixed PEG/BDO‐based architectures, whereas the response depended on the surrounding segmental structure. Scratch‐healing experiments and tensile recovery measurements demonstrated that higher network cohesion did not necessarily result in superior mechanical recovery. Instead, the healing response was influenced by the combined effects of network connectivity, intermolecular interactions, reversible DA/rDA reactions, and segmental mobility. The FA‐based mixed PEG/BDO network exhibited the highest tensile recovery, indicating that moderate network cohesion and sufficient chain mobility promote effective network reconstruction. These findings establish furan precursor chemistry as an effective molecular design parameter for tailoring the structure–property–healing relationship in bio‐based PDI‐trimer PU‐DA networks.

Acne patches provide a convenient site-specific approach for topical acne treatment. However, their rapid drug release may limit sustained drug availability at the affected site. This study integrates the synthesis, comprehensive characterization, molecular docking simulation, and in vitro evaluation of a lignin:chitosan:agarose composite hydrogel designed as a short-term sustained release vehicle for salicylic acid in acne treatment. The hydrogel exhibited a soft, stable texture with a highly porous micro-structure, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, thereby facilitating efficient drug loading and controlled release. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated strong intermolecular interactions among the hydrogel components and salicylic acid. Antibacterial testing demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against Cutibacterium acnes, the primary pathogen in acne symptoms. In vitro release studies showed approximately 96% cumulative release of salicylic acid over 6 hours, suitable for prolonged topical application, such as anti-acne patches. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed stable hydrogen-bonding interactions between salicylic acid and the active site of C. acnes lipase (PDB ID: 6KHM), suggesting potential enzymatic inhibition. These findings highlight the lignin:chitosan:agarose hydrogel as a promising biocompatible platform for controlled salicylic acid delivery with dual antibacterial and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, advancing its potential as an effective anti-acne patch.

Gum rosin and its derivatives have been used traditionally in coatings and adhesives and are now increasingly applied in diverse medical and pharmaceutical fields. Owing to its film-forming ability, hydrophobic nature, biocompatibility, and ease of chemical modification, gum rosin has emerged as a promising excipient for controlled drug release, targeted drug delivery, and other biomedical applications. This review summarizes the evolution of gum rosin applications, from its conventional roles to its modern utilization in nanocarriers, transdermal systems, and other advanced drug delivery platforms. In addition, we discuss the challenges related to allergenicity, brittleness, and excessive hydrophobicity and propose strategies (such as chemical modification and polymer blending) to overcome these issues. This review provides a reference framework for researchers developing new rosin-based materials in pharmaceutical sciences.

Gum rosin and its derivatives have been used traditionally in coatings and adhesives and are now increasingly applied in diverse medical and pharmaceutical fields. Owing to its film‐forming ability, hydrophobic nature, biocompatibility, and ease of chemical modification, gum rosin has emerged as a promising excipient for controlled drug release, targeted drug delivery, and other biomedical applications. This review summarizes the evolution of gum rosin applications—from its conventional roles to its modern utilization in nanocarriers, transdermal systems, and other advanced drug delivery platforms. In addition, we discuss the challenges related to allergenicity, brittleness, and excessive hydrophobicity and propose strategies—such as chemical modification and polymer blending—to overcome these issues. This review provides a reference framework for researchers developing new rosin‐based materials in pharmaceutical sciences.