Hao Zhang

Auxiliary energy consumption rises sharply at low temperatures, reducing the accuracy of driving range prediction and vehicle energy management. Most previous studies have focused on battery electric vehicles, whose operating characteristics do not fully represent the powertrain architecture of range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs). This study analyzes REEV auxiliary energy consumption and develops prediction models for operation at low temperatures. Approximately 3600 km of actual road driving data were collected. Auxiliary energy consumption was examined across four dimensions: power mode, trip scale, thermal management load, and range-extender operating share. Engine waste heat reduced auxiliary energy consumption by more than 59% in range-extended mode compared with pure-electric mode. Random Forest (RF), Least-Squares Boosting (LSBoost), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) methods were used to develop a trip-scale auxiliary energy consumption prediction model (trip-scale model) and a second-scale auxiliary energy consumption prediction model (second-scale model). The best test-set R² was 0.826 for the trip-scale model. For the second-scale model, R² increased from 0.857 at 30 s to a maximum of 0.872 at 60 s; considering that doubling the sample duration yielded an R² improvement of only 0.015, the 30 s LSBoost model was selected for subsequent integrated prediction. In the integrated application, the selected model predicted the mean auxiliary power over the remaining trip to estimate the remaining auxiliary energy. Although the departure estimate had a 9.55% error, iterative updates kept the entire estimate close to the measured value, with a maximum absolute residual of 0.022 kWh.

The real driving emission (RDE) test is going to be a necessary and effective evaluation method in the next-stage heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) emission standards, the rulemaking of which is under way worldwide (e.g., EPA 2027, Euro 7 and China 7). In this work, a time-based method (TBM) was proposed for future HDV RDE calculation. In TBM, cold-start and hot-run emissions are evaluated separately with moving average windows, yet no type-approval test results are needed so that it can also be used as a remote monitoring algorithm. This study analyzes the emissions of NO_x. The value of 0.1 times maximum engine power is utilized to determine the cold-start window, while a 2-bin window structure is adopted for hot-run analysis. In order to further illustrate and validate this method, 16,629.4 h of remote monitoring data with a sampling rate of 1 Hz from 36 China 6 HDVs and 4 different months were analyzed for driving and NO_x emission characteristics with TBM. The average duration of the 21,466 trips analyzed in this work was found to be 0.68 h, and the average ratio of trip work to WHTC (world harmonized transient driving cycle) work was around 1.38, indicating that lower duration and work requirements are needed in future RDE test. Moreover, the average cold-start length was approximately 912.4 s (15.2 min), and long cold starts could be found in cases with low ambient temperatures, low driving speeds and frequent stops. As for hot-run analysis, the proportion of Bin 1 (low-load windows) and Bin 2 (high-load windows) is directly related to the driving scenarios. The calculation results of TBM are comparable to the 2-bin method in EPA 2027. In addition, the optimization of NO_x emissions under cold start and idle conditions are challenging for future HDV updates.

Faults of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) significantly exacerbate nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from heavy-duty vehicles, thereby posing a severe hazard to atmospheric environmental quality. Currently, the paucity of systematic studies on NOx emission degradation induced by typical SCR faults has severely hindered the advancement of precise emission regulation for heavy-duty vehicles in China. To address this critical gap, this study investigates the impact of typical SCR faults on NOx emission deterioration from heavy-duty vehicles. Initially, leveraging the China heavy-duty commercial vehicle test cycle as the benchmark, heavy-duty vehicle emission tests were designed and conducted under typical SCR faults. Emission datasets were acquired for three typical SCR faults—namely nozzle circuit disconnected fault, upstream temperature sensor inaccuracy fault, and urea-water replacement fault—as well as under normal operating conditions. Building upon these data, three representative scenarios were established by integrating vehicle operating condition, fuel consumption levels, and vehicle specific power states, enabling systematic quantification of the extent of NOx emission deterioration caused by each SCR fault. The findings reveal that the NOx emissions deterioration caused by urea-water replacement fault is the most severe, followed by nozzle circuit disconnected fault, and the impact of upstream temperature sensor inaccuracy fault is the least. This research provides crucial support for identifying key targets in emission control and enhancing the precision of heavy-duty vehicle emission regulation. Relevant authorities should prioritize cracking down on intentional non-compliant practices such as urea water substitution to safeguard a healthy and sustainable atmospheric environment.

The emission problem of heavy-duty vehicles constitutes an urgent environmental challenge within the transportation sector. Scientifically assessing the emission levels of heavy-duty vehicles forms the foundation for their effective control. This paper utilizes remote monitoring data from heavy-duty vehicles to compare five widely employed methods for assessing heavy-duty vehicle emissions: the power-based window method, moving average window method, three-bin moving average window method, VSP-Bin window di- vision method, and data reconstruction PEMS window division method. The fundamental principles and op- erational adaptability characteristics of the five emission assessment methods are introduced. The distinctive evaluation characteristics of each method for assessing heavy-duty vehicle emissions are delineated. The re- search findings reveal that each evaluation method demonstrates unique adaptability under high-load, low- load, and complex mixed conditions, thereby laying a crucial foundation for enhancing the accuracy and effectiveness of emission assessments.

CO₂ emissions from heavy-duty vehicles are an important source of greenhouse gases in the transportation sector. However, there is a lack of in-depth research on the characteristics of CO2 emission factors of multiple types of heavy-duty vehicles. The paper conducts a study on the characteristics of carbon dioxide emission factors of multi-type heavy-duty vehicles, with a focus on tractors, heavy-duty trucks, and dump trucks. A method based on C-WTVC for VSP-Bin interval division is proposed to establish a unified bin interval for heavy-duty vehicles, and calculate the CO2 emission factors of different types of heavy-duty vehicles. The study indicates that the carbon dioxide emission factors of tractors are mainly distributed in suburb and highway intervals. The carbon dioxide emission factors of heavy-duty trucks are distributed across three intervals. The CO2 emission factors of dump trucks are concentrated in suburb intervals.

The emission factors of greenhouse gases from motor vehicles are of significant importance for low-carbon and environmentally friendly initiatives. This paper focuses on greenhouse gas emission factors of heavy-duty vehicles. The multi-dimensional Bin interval mode are proposed, which considers multiple parameters such as vehicle speed, acceleration, torque, and rotational speed. Based on this, the emission characteristics of greenhouse gases from heavy-duty vehicles. are investigated under different parameter conditions. The results indicate that as the VSPA value or the engine torque increases, the CO2 emission factor also increases accordingly. The CO2 emission factor is lower at medium to high rotational speeds, while it tends to increase at low rotational speeds. The research findings provide support for monitoring and evaluating greenhouse gas emissions and offer scientific guidance for formulating specific carbon reduction policies, emission targets, and plans.

This paper proposes a multi-scale emission factor dataset constructing method. Firstly, actual road driving and pollutant emission data of heavy-duty trucks are obtained. Subsequently, a method for dividing multi-scale Bin intervals based on engine load, vehicle speed, and acceleration is proposed to establish suitable multi-scale Bin intervals for the driving characteristics of heavy-duty trucks. Finally, based on the proposed method, an emission factor dataset highlighting typical driving characteristics of heavy-duty trucks is constructed. The research findings will provide government regulatory authorities with more microscopic and multi-scale guidance on motor vehicle emissions.