Te Xu

In recent years, vehicle emissions have become one of the important pollutant sources of the urban atmosphere. Scholars and decision-makers are constantly expected to accurately grasp the dispersion of vehicle pollutants to formulate a series of policies and strategies which can facilitate a friendly and sustainable urban environment, such as controlling the total number of vehicles, requiring higher emission standards, promoting new energy vehicles, improving public transit service, and optimizing non-motorized transportation systems. This paper provides a review of the mechanism research methods and mathematical modeling approaches for urban vehicle pollutant dispersion. The mechanism research methods reviewed include field measurements, wind tunnel experiments, and numerical simulations. The modeling approaches involve two kinds of popular models: Box models (STREET, CPBM, AURORA, PBM) and Gaussian models (CALINE, HIWAY, OSPM, CALPUFF, R-LINE, ADMS series, EPISODE, CityChem, SIRANE, MUNICH). Moreover, this paper clarifies the basic assumption, fundamental principle, related research, applicable conditions, and limitations of these mechanism research methods and modeling approaches.

With the help of smart grid technologies, a lot of electrical loads can provide demand response to support the active power balance of the grid. Compared with centralized control methods, decentralized methods reduce the computational burden of the control center and enhance the reliability of the communication. In this paper, a novel second-order multi-agent consensus control method is proposed for load control problem. By introducing the velocity state into the model, the proposed method achieves better performance than traditional ones. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

2‐isopropyl‐N,2,3‐trimethylbutyramide (WS‐23) is a well‐known artificial synthesis cooling agent widely used in foods, medicines, and tobaccos. As a commonly cooling agent in e‐cigarette liquids, WS‐23 has led to concerns about the inhalation toxicity with the prosperous of e‐cigarettes in recent years. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the acute and subacute inhalation toxicity of WS‐23 in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. In the acute toxicity study, there was no mortality and behavioral signs of toxicity at the limit test dose level (340.0 mg/m³) in the exposure period and the following 14‐day observation period. In the subacute inhalation toxicity study, there was no significant difference observed in the body weights, feed consumption, and relative organ weights. Haematological, serum biochemical, urine, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis revealed the non‐adverse effects after 28‐day repeated WS‐23 inhalation (342.85 mg/m³), accompanied by slight changes in few parameters which returned to normal during the 28‐day recovery period. The histopathologic examination also did not show any differences in vital organs. In conclusion, the maximum tolerated dose for WS‐23 acute inhalation is not less than 340.0 mg/m³, and the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of WS‐23 subacute inhalation was determined to be over 342.85 mg/m³.