Carol Adrianne Smith

Anoplophora glabripennis (ALB) is an invasive wood-boring cerambycid that causes extensive damage to hardwood host trees through sequential tissue penetration from the bark to the sapwood. Developmental biology of ALB is well established. However, interactions among its life cycle, environmental contaminants, and fungal associates remain poorly understood. In particular, the ecological relationships among microplastics, entomopathogenic fungi, and the fungal symbiont Fusarium solani (FSSC) within ALB-associated woody tissues remain largely uncharacterized. This review develops a conceptual anatomical framework integrating ALB developmental biology, fungal associations, frass deposition pathways, and potential microplastic interactions within woody host tissues. The framework was constructed through ecological literature synthesis and anatomical reconstruction. To our knowledge, this represents the first conceptual framework integrating ALB developmental anatomy, fungal symbiosis, and potential microplastic interactions within host tree gallery systems. A longitudinal cross-sectional model was developed to illustrate oviposition, larval gallery formation, pupation, and adult emergence in relation to the outer bark, cambium/phloem, sapwood, and heartwood. FSSC isolates previously documented on ALB egg surfaces following oviposition and within ALB frass were examined, thereby positioning the fungal symbiont both within and outside galleries produced by ALB throughout its life cycle. Previous studies have demonstrated that microplastics can be taken up by plant stem tissues and accumulate on the forest floor through atmospheric deposition. This widespread presence suggests that micro- and nanoplastics may penetrate sapwood and heartwood galleries through xylem and phloem flow. These transport pathways may overlap with regions where late-instar larvae actively forage. The integrative framework presented here highlights potential ecological interactions within the gallery microhabitat and provides a foundation for future experimental investigations into contaminant–pathogen–host dynamics in xylophagous insects. While we refrain from proposing specific management strategies, we present a conceptual framework to elucidate how microplastics may serve as incidental contact points for cerambycid anatomy and fungal propagules. We hypothesize that these interactions link microplastic pollution to invertebrate ecology. Microplastics may function as substrates for fungal spores within forest canopies and gallery systems, potentially influencing fungal persistence, contaminant transport, and ecological dynamics within infested forest habitats.

Previously, we reported that microplastic volatile organic compounds are present within the Chrysaora chesapeakei of Chesapeake Bay, MD. In this study, we report the presence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) on the hydrophobic surface of microplastic (MP) particles extracted from the C. chesapeakei, detected by Raman spectroscopy and identified by Wiley’s KnowItAll Software with IR & Raman Spectral Libraries. C. chesapeakei encounters various microplastics and emerging contaminants as it floats through the depths of the Patuxent River water column. This study identifies subsuming CECs found directly on microplastics from within C. chesapeakei in the wild using Raman spectroscopy. Among the extracted microplastics, some of the emerging contaminants found on the different microplastics were pesticides, pharmaceuticals, minerals, food derivatives, wastewater treatment chemicals, hormones, and recreational drugs. Our results represent the first of such findings in C. chesapeakei, obtained directly from the field, and indicate C. chesapeakei’s relationship with microplastics, with this species serving as a vector of emerging contaminants through the marine food web. This paper further illustrates a relationship between different types of plastics that attract dissimilar types of emerging pollutants in the same surrounding environmental conditions, underscoring the urgent need for further research to fully understand and mitigate the risks that MPs coexist with contaminants.

Microplastics are tangible particles of less than 0.2 inches in diameter that are ubiquitously distributed in the biosphere and accumulate in water bodies. During the east-coast hot summers (23–29 °C) of 2021 and 2022, June through September, we captured copious amounts of the jellyfish Chrysaora chesapeakei, a predominant species found in the Patuxent River of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland on the United States East Coast. We determined that their gelatinous bodies trapped many microplastics through fluorescent microscopy studies using Rhodamine B staining and Raman Spectroscopy. The chemical nature of the microplastics was detected using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy headspace (SPME-GC-MS) and solvent extraction (GC-MS) methods through a professional commercial materials evaluation laboratory. Numerous plastic-affiliated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from diverse chemical origins and their functional groups (alkanes, alkenes, acids, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esters, and alcohols) along with other non-microplastic volatile organic compounds were observed. Our findings corroborate data in the available scientific literature, distinguishing our finding’s suitability.