Rahil Razak

Background: Yak population is much less in comparison to total livestock population of India but still it commands importance in the life of the mountainous regions adjacent to the Himalayas. Establishing reliable reference values for hematological and biochemical parameters for apparently healthy animal populations is a quite difficult task, however it is essential to provide baseline information for assessing the population health and disease. Methods: A total of 180 samples comprising 90 samples each of male and female yak of above one year of age were analysed for various haemato-biochemical, enzymes and trace elements. The data obtained during the study was analyzed by using Minitab statistical software Version 21.1.0. Result: The female yaks had significantly higher haematological values of Hb, HCT and MCV values while rest of the haematological parameters showed no significant alteration between two sexes. The female yaks showed significantly lower levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and high-density lipoproteins and significantly higher levels of urea and low density-lipoproteins similarly female yaks showed higher alkaline phosphatase and lower lipase activity than male yaks. The female yaks had significantly higher trace element levels of sodium and magnesium.

The gut microbiota (GM) communicates with the brain via biochemical signaling constituting the gut–brain axis, which significantly regulates the body’s physiological processes. The GM dysbiosis can impact the digestive system and the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) linked to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, the scientific data compiled from diverse sources primarily emphasize the neuropathological characteristics linked to the accumulation of modified insoluble proteins (such as β-amyloid peptides and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the potential impact of gut microbiota (GM) on AD susceptibility or resilience. The specific GM profile of human beings may serve as an essential tool for preventing or progressing neurodegenerative diseases like AD. This review focuses mainly on the effect of gut microfauna on the gut–brain axis in the onset and progression of AD. The GM produces various bioactive molecules that may serve as proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory signaling, contributing directly or indirectly to the repression or progression of neurodegenerative disorders by modulating the response of the brain axis. Human studies must focus on further understanding the gut–brain axis and venture to clarify microbiota-based therapeutic strategies for AD.

The gut microbiota (GM) communicates with the brain via biochemical signaling constituting the gut-brain axis, which significantly regulates the body's physiological processes. The GM dysbiosis can impact the digestive system and the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) linked to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, the scientific data compiled from diverse sources primarily emphasizes the neuropathological characteristics linked to the accumulation of modified insoluble proteins (such as β-Amyloid peptides and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins) in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and the potential impact of gut microbiota (GM) on AD susceptibility or resilience. The specific GM profile of human beings may serve as an essential tool for preventing or progressing neurodegenerative diseases like AD. This review focuses mainly on the effect of gut microfauna on the gut-brain axis in the onset and progression of AD. The GM produces various bioactive molecules that may serve as proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory signaling, contributing directly or indirectly to the repression or progression of neurodegenerative disorders by modulating the response of the brain axis. Human studies must focus on further understanding the gut-brain axis and venture to clarify microbiota-based therapeutic strategies for AD.