Iqbal Javed

CO2 emissions may affect economic growth and development. It has been observed that emissions are the result of increased energy use, industrialization, and urbanization in Asian countries. Emissions are rising faster than natural rates. Considering the effects of financial inclusion on CO2 emissions, we have examined how industrialization, urbanization, and income inequality affect the emissions in South Asian economies by using data from 2005 to 2020. Fixed effect results show that financial development is the key driver of CO2 emissions. Findings also point out that industrialization and urban population also enhance the CO2 emissions. Finally, income inequality also seems to be affecting the emissions in developing countries. The study suggests that there should be more provision of a clean environment. Energy policies should focus on the supply of better-quality energy by using other sources. Rapid industrialization must contribute to environmental degradation. And finally, there is a dire need to control the urban population for low environmental degradation.

Healthcare expenditures are one of the most important rudiments of life expectancy, and research has concluded that a positive association exists between life expectancy and healthcare. Considering this, we have focused on how immunization, government health expenditures, economic growth, and energy consumption may enhance the life expectancy of some selected developing economies. The data was analyzed from 2005 to 2020 in nine developing Asian economies. Life expectancy at birth was used as the dependent variable. The authors used the fixed effect technique to analyze how life expectancy was affected by these factors. Findings indicate that immunization, economic growth, and energy consumption have enhanced life expectancy. Moreover, consumption of an ecological footprint has decreased life expectancy at birth in Asian economies. Findings suggest more allocation and proper utilization of health expenditure in the concerned economies. Proper energy usage for more production should exist, which may not affect the environment. Finally, the Government must provide medical facilities to increase the life expectancy.

Technology has significantly enhanced farmers' lives, primarily by facilitating access to market information, thereby mitigating the exploitation of farmers. Over the past century, farming methods and techniques have undergone numerous advancements and considerable changes. The main objective of the current research was to estimate the effect of farmer's socioeconomic characteristics and advanced technological adoption on farmer's income. For this purpose, Sargodha District was selected, and data collection involved conducting a survey. A well-structured questionnaire was distributed among 200 farmers across 6 Tehsils in the district of Sargodha. The study utilized an econometric model of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), opting for a linear function to minimize the sum of squares of differences among observed values. According to the results of the study, there is a positive relationship between the adoption of advanced technology and agricultural income. It underscores the pivotal role that governments and agricultural welfare organizations should play a key role in technological advancement in agriculture. Increasing education can enhance the technology adoption process, while a necessary sensitization campaign is essential to facilitate the transition from traditional techniques to advanced techniques.

Access to credit had a substantial influence on farmers decisions, their income and the long-term sustainability of agriculture. This study investigated the impact of agricultural credit on farmers' income in Central Punjab, Pakistan. A conveniently chosen sample of 200 farmers from the Sargodha district was interviewed face-to-face on a structured, validated and reliable questionnaire. To explore the effect of agricultural credit along with different factors among small farmers, the Ordinary least Square (OLS) method was used. According to the results of the study for each unit increase in credit utilization, the predicted value of the dependent variable increases by approximately 6.691 units. This relationship is statistically significant at the 0.05 significance level. Other variables of age, family members and land ownership has also positive and significant impacts on the farmers' income while the variable of experience has a negative and significant impact. Policies should encourage responsible credit usage due to its proven positive and statistically significant effect on farmers' income. Such initiatives may include promoting financial literacy programs and ensuring access to affordable credit options. Agricultural credit adoption is influenced by various socioeconomic factors, which have a direct bearing on farmers' income. For the advancement of sustainable and inclusive agricultural development, policymakers should take these findings into account and design policies that facilitate credit accessibility, provide tailored financial education, and address the specific needs of diverse farming communities.

The research examines the adoption of modern agricultural technologies, essential for policymakers and technology providers to evaluate existing initiatives and enhance dissemination strategies. The primary emphasis on the impact of socioeconomic characteristics and technology adoption on agriculture income is crucial for assessing economic outcomes, guiding efforts to improve farmers' well-being. Objective of the current study was to estimate the impact of socioeconomic characteristics of farmers and adoption of technology on their income and suggest policy measures. For estimation purposes, central Punjab was chosen, and data was collected. A well-organized questionnaire was distributed to 401 farmers in central Punjab. OLS technique was used for analysis to estimate the impact of independent variables on farmers' income. According to the results, adoption of advanced technology, awareness of technology, land holding, family size, and farmer education have a statistically significant impact on the dependent variable in the model. It is recommended to launch extensive awareness programs in collaboration with agricultural extension services to educate farmers on the advantages of advanced technologies, advocate for policies ensuring fair land access, recognize the role of family size in agriculture, and improve customized educational programs to empower farmers with ongoing learning and skill development, fostering a culture of innovation.

Time is a limited product for every person. Nowadays time poverty is an emerging issue and symptom of more fundamental problems. A man is said to be time-poor if he/she is not able to allocate their time properly among all the activities, which leads to poor health, mental stress, low productivity and reduced wellbeing. The essential target of the review is to investigate the effect of time poverty from the perspectives of the divine economics framework. The existing empirical study took a unique element to enlighten time poverty. The work done in the present study is attractive in the sense that no study has been carried out to analyze the impact of religiosity, religious beliefs, spirituality, spiritual deeds and ethical values in contrast with socio-economic, demographic and labour market indicators to analyze time poverty, and also observed the impact of these factors on the wellbeing of the individuals. Primary data is used in the study. This affiliation acquires wanted data by using the fundamental Divine economics questionnaire survey (2013). During the survey, 406 respondents were interviewed. Composite indexes have been developed for our variables of interest like time poverty, religiosity, spirituality and ethical values. Keeping in view the nature of the dependent variable, the econometric techniques used in the study were ordered logit model and logistic regression after considering the hierarchical nature of the dataset. The results indicate that more religious, spiritual, and ethical persons were found to be less time-poor as compared to others. Age and gender have a significant and negative association with time poverty. The significant association between time poverty and being married shows that marriage increases the amount of time that is devoted to committed activities. Health status, job satisfaction, and occupation are important factors in determining individuals’ wellbeing. More religious, spiritual and ethical awareness needs to be spread among individuals. The Government should introduce appropriate policies regarding working hours and minimum wage rate. To lead a happy and successful life, one should learn the art of time management, not waste time on useless activities, and make schedules and allocate time properly.

Education and financial development are key determinants of economic growth. This research makes an effort to highlight the role of education and financial development with urbanization in the economic growth of selected Asian countries. Economic growth is used as a dependent variable, and secondary school enrolment, financial development, life expectancy, and urban population are used as independent variables. Panel data set for the time 2002 to 2019 is used for the analysis. The random effect technique is used. The study results demonstrate that secondary school enrolment, financial development, life expectancy, and urban population increase economic growth in selected Asian countries. It is recommended that government should provide free of cost education facilities in selected economies. Moreover, the public should be provided with more financial debt facilities to increase per capita income, high living standards, and economic growth in these selected economies. The plan must be placed on education and health high on the agenda in these economies.

The agricultural credit has a significant impact on agricultural productivity. Credit constraints should be reasonably minimized so that small farmer can easily get loans. This study investigates the determinants of utilization of agricultural credit among small farm holders in southern Punjab, Pakistan. A total sample of 200 small farmers is selected for data collection. An appropriate pretested questionnaire was used for data collection. The data collection was done by tanking direct interviews by using a convenient sampling technique. District Multan was selected from the southern Punjab of Pakistan. A binary logit model was used to examine the effect of various factors on the adoption of agricultural credit utilization among small farm holders. The binary logit model's results showed that the variables of farmers' qualification, farming experience, family members, agricultural income, and tenant cum owner positively and significantly impact agricultural credit utilization. Agricultural land has a negative and significant influence on agricultural credit utilization. The study's results suggest that government should educate small farmers about the positive impact of credit utilization on their agricultural production.

Assessing climate-induced reductions in cotton yields is critical to developing weather insurance for sustainable agricultural development. Climatic factors such as frost, hail, and drought severely constrain the sustainable development of cotton production in Xinjiang. In this study, based on cotton production and meteorological data from 1988 to 2019 in Aksu, Xinjiang, the H-P filtering method, correlation test, and regression analysis were used to develop a weather index model of cotton yield reduction rate and key meteorological factors. The results showed that the trend yield separated by the H-P filtering method was more stable. The correlation analysis between cotton fertility and meteorological factors concluded that there was a strong positive correlation between precipitation and cotton yield, i.e., the more rainfall, the more unfavorable environment for cotton growth and development. The results of the empirical analysis to determine the net premium rate under different disaster registrations based on the logistic probability distribution model showed that the highest probability of meteorological disasters in the Aksu region was 22.36%, the premium rate was 1.79%, and the net premium was 34.01 RMB per mu. It is found that climate change is closely related to the environment, and human production activities are compatible with the carrying capacity of the environment, otherwise, climate change leads to frequent meteorological disasters, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of agricultural production. It is expected that these research results can provide a relevant basis for the implementation of cotton policy weather insurance in Aksu and other regions and promote the sustainable development of cotton production.

Economic burden of private supplementary tutoring is increasing around the world. Demand for private supplementary tutoring, contributing factors, and their effects are investigated in the study. For this purpose, data were collected through questionnaire, and multistage non-probability technique was used. Hurder model was used to find the factors affecting demand for private supplementary tutoring at the higher secondary level. Linear regression model was used to find the economic burden of family and factors affecting the demand for private tutoring. The findings showed that several factors have a significant effect on the demand for private supplementary tutoring, and some of them significantly impact on the economic burden. The study recommends regulating the market of shadow education because of differentiated tuition fee in different tuition centers to cut down the burden of private tutoring for households.