Wesam Abdullah

This review presents force-driven architectonics in mechanochemistry, demonstrating how mechanical energy programs inorganic nanomaterials into controlled architectures and smart interfaces for sustainable catalysis, energy, biomedicine, and sensing.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a transformative class of porous nanomaterials for designing artificial enzymes with programmable catalytic and biomedical functions. Leveraging their structural tunability, modular chemistry, and high surface area, MOF‐based nanozymes have demonstrated redox‐mimetic activities such as oxidase‐, peroxidase‐, catalase‐, superoxide dismutase‐, and hydrolase‐like behavior. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of how structure–activity relationships ranging from pore topology and metal–ligand coordination to framework dimensionality govern catalytic performance. Engineering strategies including defect creation, hybridization with nanoparticles or quantum dots, and post‐synthetic functionalization are discussed in the context of optimizing active site accessibility, catalytic kinetics, and redox efficiency. Particular emphasis is placed on the theranostic capabilities of MOF nanozymes, including biomarker detection, multimodal imaging (MRI, CT, fluorescence), ROS‐mediated therapy, and targeted drug delivery. Toxicity, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and translational challenges are also evaluated, along with future directions in AI‐guided nanozyme design and sustainable synthesis. By integrating advanced materials engineering with catalytic precision and biomedical application, this review positions MOF‐derived nanozymes as powerful dual‐function platforms that unify catalytic science with next‐generation theranostics.

Tremendous research efforts have recently been devoted to designing and developing melanin‐engineered metal and metal‐oxide nanoparticles with unconventional configurations for groundbreaking applications in biomedical settings. These surface‐engineered nanoparticles occupy a unique niche among nanomaterials due to the distinctive merits of melanin, such as exceptional biocompatibility, photophysical adaptability, and robust metal‐binding capabilities. This review provides a comprehensive and heuristic overview of sustainable synthesis strategies of structurally tunable metal nanoparticles that can facilitate the controlled customization of melanin. Recent research is highlighted that harnesses the unique physical properties of melanin to explore how controlling its geometrical features can increase catalytic activity, which is essential for improving imaging resolution and therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, the complex dynamics of oxidative polymerization and detailed investigation of how melanin's interface can be conjugated with metal components in hybrid nanostructures are critically analyzed. The key remaining challenges are summarized and an outlook on the future perspectives of melanin‐engineered nanoparticles is offered. This review can act as a roadmap to guide both newcomers and experts who are interested in learning about the immense potential of melanin nanoparticles as versatile, high‐performance platforms for future nanotechnology‐driven innovations in theranostic nanomedicine.