Hui Ying Khaw

Most of the impulse denoisers are either median filter‐based or fuzzy filter‐based, which can only perform well in low noise conditions. This study presents an efficient convolutional neural network (CNN) with particle swarm optimisation (PSO) model for high‐density impulse noise removal. The proposed high‐density impulse noise detection and removal model mainly consists of two parts: the impulse noise removal and impulse noisy pixel detection for restoration. The authors’ model initially leverages the powerful ability of deep CNN architecture to separate noise from the noisy image, then adopts PSO to pinpoint the most optimised threshold values for detecting impulse noisy pixels. An ensemble of these algorithms is an intelligent and adaptive solution, producing a clean output while preserving significant pixel information. Targeting to solve high‐density impulse noise problems, the authors have trained their model with a massive collection of natural images and 14 standard testing images are used for validation purposes. In order to validate the robustness of the proposed method, different levels of high‐density impulse noise are considered. Based on the final denoised images, their model has proven its reliability, in terms of both visual quality and quantitative evaluation, on greyscale and colour images.

The training of deep convolutional neural network (CNN) for classification purposes is critically dependent on the expertise of hyper‐parameters tuning. This study aims to minimise the user variability in training CNN by automatically searching and optimising the CNN architecture, particularly in the field of vehicle logo recognition system. For this purpose, the architecture and hyper‐parameters of CNN were selected according to the implementation of the stochastic method of particle swarm optimisation on the training–testing data. After obtaining the optimised hyper‐parameters, the CNN is fine‐tuned and trained to ensure better network convergence and classification performance. In this study, a total of 14,950 vehicle logo images are divided into two independent training and testing sets. In addition, these images are segmented coarsely, thus the requirement of precise logo segmentation is obviated in this work. The learned features of the CNN were sufficiently discriminative to be classified using multiclass Softmax classifier. With implementation using a graphics processing unit (GPU), the computation time of the proposed method is acceptable for real‐time application. The experimental results explicitly prove that the authors’ approach outperforms most of the state‐of‐the‐art methods, achieving an accuracy of 99.1% over 13 vehicle manufacturers.

This study presents a model to effectively recognise image noise of different types and levels: impulse, Gaussian, Speckle and Poisson noise, and a mixture of multiple types of the noise. To classify image noise type, the convolutional neural network (CNN) method with backpropagation algorithm and stochastic gradient descent optimisation techniques are implemented. In order to reduce the training time and computational cost of the algorithm, the principal components analysis (PCA) filters generating strategy is deployed to obtain data adaptive filter banks. The authors validated their designed CNN with PCA for noise types recognition model with degraded images containing noise of single and combination of multiple types, with a total of 11,000 and 1650 datasets for training and testing purposes, respectively. The variety and complexity of data have never been addressed before in any other research work. The capability of their intelligent system in handling images degraded under this complicated environment has surpassed human‐eye performance in noise types recognition. The authors’ experiments have proven the reliability of the proposed noise types recognition model by having achieved an overall average accuracy of 99.3% while recognising eight classes of noise.