Ming Sun

The anchoring performance of anchor bolts is critical for preserving cliff carvings. To optimize reinforcement strategies, this study investigates the anchoring mechanisms and surrounding rock stability of the Chaoyang Rock carvings. A coupled FDM–DEM model, calibrated by laboratory pull-out tests, evaluated the effects of bond length and grout thickness on fully grouted rock bolts. Subsequently, a 3D topographic model assessed anchoring performance under various anchoring angles. Results indicate that increasing bond length significantly enhances peak pull-out load and post-peak friction. Conversely, increasing grout thickness improves pre-peak capacity. Pull-out damage primarily concentrates at the bolt-grout interface, propagating progressively from the loaded end. Furthermore, the anchoring angle has a significant effect on the failure mode of the slope. The anchoring angle of 15° optimally interrupts continuous high-shear-stress bands and plastic zones, effectively transferring unstable loads to deeper regions. These findings provide a rigorous theoretical foundation for optimizing anchorage parameters and developing preventive conservation strategies for cliff carvings.

Tourist walkability is essential for sustainable tourism in traditional villages, where walking is often the primary mode of exploration. However, few studies have examined walkability from tourists’ perspectives, especially in village settings. This study investigates how immediate built environment perceptions, shareability (defined as the capacity of a place to encourage social media sharing), and personal attributes affect tourist walkability in traditional villages. A questionnaire survey was conducted in two traditional villages in Yongzhou, Hunan, to explore these relationships. The results reveal that the perceived quantity of traditional architecture strongly influences tourist walkability, while among built environment features, artificial features exert a greater overall impact than natural ones. Moreover, shareability plays a significant role in enhancing walkability, whereas personal attributes, though influential, have a relatively smaller effect. As the majority of survey participants were aged 18–24, these findings are particularly relevant to understanding the tourism preferences of Generation Z, a cohort with growing influence in the tourism market. These insights provide valuable guidance for designers, tourism developers, and authorities aiming to enhance walkability, promote sustainable tourism, and revitalise culturally rich traditional villages.

To study the dynamic response of multi-span mortise and tenon stone bridges under natural excitation, a bluestone multi-span stone bridge with a main span of 2.56 m in southern China was taken as the research object. Based on the collected pulsating signals of bridge piers and slabs, the natural frequencies and damping ratios of the main span bridge slab and pier were analyzed using the half-power broadband method (HPBM) and random decrement technique (RDT). Modal analysis was conducted using ANSYS, and the results were compared with those obtained from on-site experiments for further performance analysis. The research results of this article indicate that the natural frequency range of the 2.56-m bridge slab identified by measured signals is 48–49 Hz, and the damping ratio range is 33.33–36.61%. The natural frequency of the central pier is 75–76 Hz, and the damping ratio range is 26.39–27.83%. Through finite element modal analysis, the natural frequency of the bridge slab is 54.401 Hz, with an error of 10.5%. The natural frequency of the overall stone bridge is about 82.2 Hz, with an error of about 8.2%. The validated finite element model was subjected to normal water flow impact and erosion simulation. The results indicate that under erosion with fewer particles and lower flow rates, the upstream pier bottom at the center receives the highest relative erosion mass and displacement per unit area. The bridge deck near the main span also experienced relative displacement. Therefore, in the subsequent protection work, special attention should be paid to these components.

By employing the hyperbolic tangent model of load transfer (LT), this paper establishes the thermo-mechanical (TM) coupling load transfer analysis approach for an energy pile (EP). By incorporating the control condition of the unbalance force at the null point, the method for determining the null point considering the temperature effect is enhanced. The viability of the presented method is validated through the measured outcomes from model experiments of energy piles. A parametric investigation is conducted to explore the impact of the soil shear strength parameters, upper load, temperature variation, head stiffness, and radial expansion on the axial force, strain, and displacement of the energy pile under thermo-mechanical coupling. The results suggest that the locations of the null point and the maximum axial force are dependent on the constraint boundary conditions of the pile side and the two ends. When the stiffness of the pile top increases, axial stress and displacement increase, while strain decreases. An increase in the drained friction angle leads to an increase in axial stress under thermal-load coupling, but strain and displacement decline. The radial expansion has a negligible influence on the thermo-mechanical interaction between the pile and the soil.

Ancient masonry pagodas hold significant scientific, historical, and cultural importance. However, due to the complexity of masonry materials, structures, and boundary conditions, establishing finite element static and dynamic models for ancient masonry pagodas is highly challenging. This study aimed to explore the dynamic characteristics and finite element numerical simulation methods of ancient masonry pagodas in Yongzhou, Hunan province. It focused on the Huilong Pagoda in Yongzhou, where in situ test experiments under natural excitation are conducted. The SSI and NExT-ERA methods were employed to determine the ancient pagoda’s natural frequencies, vibration patterns, and damping ratios, and to validate the NExT-ERA method. The macroscopic numerical model of the Huilong Pagoda was calibrated using measured results. Subsequently, the NExT-ERA identification results were compared and analyzed with the numerical simulation results of the dynamic characteristics. The results indicate that the first three orders of natural frequencies for the ancient pagoda in the east–west direction are 1.937 Hz, 6.802 Hz, and 21.361 Hz, respectively. Similarly, the first three orders of natural frequencies in the north–south direction are 1.935 Hz, 7.439 Hz, and 21.398 Hz. The results obtained from both methods revealed that the overall structural damping ratio ranges from 0.21% to 2.89%. The numerical model was analyzed using ANSYS, and the first three orders of natural frequencies obtained were highly consistent with the measured values, exhibiting a maximum relative error of 8.54%. The numerical simulation method developed in this study can effectively simulate masonry pagodas.