Bhawna Saraswat

Photovoltaic Systems (PVSs) are commonly used to produce electricity for various applications. The solar irradiances will not be constant on every time, it will be always fluctuating and changing. Many PV modules need to be managed in the combination of parallel and series to meet load requirement at rated voltage. In order to harvest maximum energy from PV modules, it must be worked at particular voltage which is related to maximum power location. Generally a boost converter is associated to work as a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) device with help of perturb and observe (P&O) mechanism. A battery bank is incorporated to form a dc-link to store the energy from PV to be utilized whenever it is required. Therefore, a dc to dc bidirectional device is placed to regulate the discharging and charging process of batteries. Compared to PI and conventional Fuzzy controllers, Takagi Sugeno-Fuzzy (TS-Fuzzy) controllers are able to generate accurate response quickly under rapid changes of solar irradiance. Therefore, TS-Fuzzy controller based control method for the dc to dc circuit is implemented in this paper. The P&O algorithm is also integrated to control mechanism of a dc to dc bidirectional circuit. Hence no need of an extra circuit for working as MPPT circuit. Hardware – in the – Loop (HIL) is developed by using OPAL-RT units to analyze various results in this paper.

Exploring the intersection of geothermal energy and smart city development, this review underscores the pivotal role of Earth’s intrinsic heat in fostering sustainable urban environments, particularly in building climate control. Geothermal energy systems, including Ground Source Heat Pumps and Geothermal Power Plants, emerge as viable solutions for consistent and sustainable heating, cooling, and electricity generation in urban contexts. This article navigates through the multifaceted applications and challenges of integrating geothermal energy into smart cities, highlighting its potential to enhance urban services, optimize energy use, and significantly reduce carbon emissions. Despite the technical, financial, and regulatory hurdles, strategic solutions, policies, and technological advancements pave the way for a future where geothermal energy substantively contributes to the realization of energy-efficient and smart urban ecosystems. The exploration is substantiated by various case studies and data, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state and future prospects of geothermal energy in smart city development.

In the context of escalating urbanisation and climate change, smart cities emerge as a beacon of sustainable urban development, leveraging cutting-edge technology and data analytics to enhance municipal services and the well-being of residents. This review article, focusing on industrial energy efficiency within smart cities, underscores the pivotal role of these urban environments in mitigating climate change impacts. It highlights the industrial sector’s substantial contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, driven by energy-intensive processes predominantly fuelled by fossil fuels. The study presents a comparative analysis of emissions across continents, revealing the industrial activities’ significant environmental footprint. It advocates for energy efficiency as a strategic imperative to reduce energy consumption, curb emissions, and foster sustainability. The paper concludes by recommending policy interventions that incentivise eco-friendly industrial practices, endorse the circular use of materials, and promote sustainable economic models. These recommendations are contextualised within Iceland’s CAP 2020 initiative, which aims for a significant reduction in emissions by 2030, underscoring the need for sustainable material management, particularly in metallic ores and fossil fuels, to align with environmental sustainability goals. The article calls for a global collaborative effort, beyond individual national policies, to address the urgent challenges posed by climate change, advocating for international cooperation, investment in renewable energy, and a transition towards a more sustainable future.