Li Xiao

Background: Bibliometric and visual analysis of end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO ₂ ) literature was conducted to clarify the current research hotpots and development trends, and provide new ideas for basic research and clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods: Without any time limit, Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Conference Proceedings Citation Index – Science databases from the Web of Science core collection were used as data sources, and bibliometric and VOSviewer software were used to visualize and analyze the literature in terms of authors, journals, countries, institutions, and their collaborative networks, as well as the keyword networks. Results: The final inclusion of 4442 EtCO ₂ -related publications, the number of publications is generally on the rise; the top 3 countries in terms of publications are the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada; the top 3 institutions are the University of Toronto, the University of British Columbia, and Harvard University; the journal with the largest number of publications is the Journal of Applied Physiology. Currently, research in this field mainly focuses on the definition of end-expiratory CO ₂ partial pressure, monitoring methods, monitoring indexes, and application disciplines; the influencing factors related to the application of EtCO ₂ , its application in various diseases, and its relationship with obstructive sleep apnea are the hot spots of research, and perhaps a major trend in the future. Conclusion: An increasing number of publications indicate that researchers are showing interest in the field of EtCO ₂ , and ongoing research maintains a relatively mature level. The international community has established a good foundation for cooperation, and it is necessary to increase cooperation among researchers, institutions, and countries. At the same time, it is necessary to explore in-depth and strengthen personnel cooperation, expand the coverage of fund support, and further improve the quality of literature.

Background: The inflammatory burden index (IBI) is a comprehensive indicator of the inflammatory state of the body and is associated with a variety of chronic diseases. Sarcopenia is a disease characterized by a reduction in skeletal muscle mass, but the association between IBI and sarcopenia is currently unclear. Methods: This study was based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015–2018 and included 4523 participants aged 20 years and older. IBI was calculated by the product of C‐reactive protein (CRP) and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Sarcopenia was defined by the extremity skeletal muscle mass index (ASM/body mass index [BMI]). The association between IBI and sarcopenia was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression models with nonlinear and subgroup analyses. Results: The mean age of the participants was 39.9 years, and 52.5% were female. Higher IBI scores were associated with a higher risk of chronic disease. IBI was positively associated with sarcopenia, with the highest IBI group having a 1.94 times greater risk of sarcopenia than the lowest group (95% CI: 1.34–2.81). The natural log transformation of IBI resulted in a 42% increase in risk of sarcopenia for each unit increase (95% CI: 1.08–1.87). Nonlinear analyses showed an inflection point in the association between IBI and sarcopenia at 2.38, with a significant increase in risk before the inflection point and no longer significant after the inflection point. Subgroup analyses showed that this association was consistent across sex, age, diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Conclusion: There is a positive association between IBI and sarcopenia with nonlinear characteristics. High IBI levels may increase the risk of sarcopenia, suggesting that inflammation may play an important role in sarcopenia, providing a potential target for future interventions.

Background: Sarcopenia is an age-related decline in muscle strength and mass, which significantly impacts the quality of life for older adults. Resistance training (RT) is well established as an effective intervention for sarcopenia. Some studies suggest that additional benefits may be obtained when RT is combined with creatine supplement (Cr). However, critical confounding factors, such as age and intervention duration, have not been systematically controlled in previous investigations. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to quantify the efficacy of Cr + RT on appendicular muscle strength and lean tissue mass in older adults, with a particular emphasis on temporal effect modification through duration-stratified subgroup analyses. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) through searches across eight databases. Eligible studies involved aged individuals undergoing resistance training (2–3 sessions/week) with Cr or placebo (PL) for 8-104 weeks. After screening, 8 RCTs ( n = 482 participants) were included, assessing outcomes of lean tissue mass, chest press, and leg press strength. Results: Compared to PL + RT, Cr + RT significantly improved lower limb strength (SMD = 0.29 [95% CI 0.00-0.57]; p = 0.05) and lean tissue mass (SMD = 0.27 [95% CI 0.02–0.53]; p = 0.03), but did not show significant improvements in upper extremity muscle strength. Subgroup analysis revealed intervention duration effects: interventions lasting ≤ 32 weeks (5 studies) showed better upper limb strength gains (SMD = 0.45 [95% CI 0.14–0.77]; p = 0.005) and increases in lean tissue mass (SMD = 0.57 [95% CI 0.19–0.96]; p = 0.004). Conclusions: Cr + RT can significantly increase muscle strength and lean tissue mass in older adults, particularly in interventions lasting up to 32 weeks. These time-dependent effects highlight the importance of intervention duration in nutritional ergogenic strategies for sarcopenia management. Trial registration: This systematic review has the registration number CRD420251018405 on PROSPERO.

Luteolin is a flavonoid widely found in plants, including vegetables, botanical drugs, and fruits. Owing to its diverse pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, oxidative stress protection, anti-inflammatory, and neuron-preserving effects, luteolin has attracted attention in research and medicine. Luteolin exhibits therapeutic effects on various pulmonary disease models through multiple molecular mechanisms; these include inhibition of activation of the PI3K/Akt-mediated Nuclear Factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and MAPK signaling pathways, as well as the promotion of regulatory T cell (Treg) function and enhancement of alveolar epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity (alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress responses). Luteolin has therapeutic effects on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS), pulmonary fibrosis, allergic asthma, and lung cancer. Luteolin, a naturally occurring polyphenol, is poorly water-soluble. The oral route may be ineffective because the gut poorly absorbs this type of flavonoid. Therefore, although luteolin exhibits significant biological activity, its clinical application is limited by challenges associated with its poor water solubility and low bioavailability, which are critical factors for its efficacy and pharmacological application. These challenges can be addressed by modifying the chemical structure and enhancing pharmaceutical formulations. We summarized the research advancements in improving the solubility and bioavailability of luteolin, as well as the effects of luteolin on various pulmonary diseases and their related mechanisms, with the aim of providing new ideas for researchers.

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