Kengo Hosaka

Oshikatsu , supporting a specific individual or group, has been linked to enhanced well‐being and physical activity motivation. However, few studies have explored how this practice begins, particularly among older adults. This study applied the Trajectory Equifinality Approach (TEA) to investigate how individuals aged 50 and above initiate oshikatsu and subsequently engage in health‐promoting activities, and to identify influencing factors. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with nine participants (men and women aged in their 50s–80s), and their narratives were analyzed using TEA. Six phases were identified: formative experience, encounter, event participation, social interaction, lifestyle improvement, and psychological fulfillment. Social enablers that facilitated these processes included relatives or friends who were fans, regular performances, venues close to home, understanding from family members, and disposable income. This study highlights that identifying with one's oshi serves as an intrinsic motivator for initiating health‐promoting activities.

While tolerance is recognised as important, especially to diverse societies, understanding tolerance poses complexities, both theoretically and in practical application. Tolerance is relevant in different social contexts, yet these pose distinct challenges to measurement. Thus, understanding the measurement of tolerance is important. This study provides a systematic review of tolerance scales, with the procedure based on the PRISMA statement. The initial collection of over 1600 papers through the systematic review process yielded a set of 11 papers. These papers trace the development of tolerance scales to encompass distinct social contexts over time, including political, cultural, ethnic and racial, racial and religious, gender and sexual, and social. Correspondingly, the approaches reflect particular challenges relevant to these domains for understanding and measuring tolerance. In contrast, some recent contributions aim to develop broader, less context-specific means to assess tolerance. Notwithstanding the breadth of articles included, this systematic review yielded articles that covered only selected Western-centric geographies: this indicates the opportunity for further research to access and integrate non-English-language articles to broaden the geographical and cultural perspectives on tolerance.