M. A. Telegina

In today’s world, characterized by the growing prevalence of endocrine diseases and the complexity of their diagnosis and treatment, AI offers unique opportunities to improve medical care. In the article, we analyze how AI algorithms help detect and classify pathological changes in ultrasound, MRI, CT providing endocrinologists with additional tools for fast and accurate diagnosis. In addition, we are considering the use of AI for big data analysis, including electronic medical records (EHRs), which allows us to develop predictive models and personalize treatment. Special attention is paid to the role of AI in monitoring patients with chronic endocrine diseases, including continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitusThis article will be useful for endocrinologists, researchers, students and anyone interested in the use of artificial intelligence in modern medicine.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by decreased bone mass and changes in tissue microarchitecture. The occurrence of post-traumatic fractures due to osteoporosis leads to a decrease in the quality and life expectancy of the affected population, as well as to an increase in health care costs for the treatment and rehabilitation of these patients, which makes osteoporosis a medical and social problem of the 21st century. In addition to prevention, early and complete diagnosis of osteoporosis is crucial for the initiation of timely treatment. Along with existing methods for osteoporosis diagnostics before a fracture develops: fracture risk assessment (FRAX) and bone mineral density (BMD) measurement by dual-energy X-ray osteodensitometry (DXA), new technologies are constantly being developed, including those that take into account the low availability and low mobility of DXA. An innovative method for assessing bone density and the risk of fractures is radiofrequency echographic multi spectrometry (REMS) - a non-ionizing method for scanning axial areas of the skeleton - the spine and hip. This review summarizes the studies conducted and accumulated knowledge on the use of REMS in clinical practice

A clinical case of neurofibromatosis 1 type in combination with pheochromocytoma in a 53-year-old woman with no family history of the disease is described. The diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1 type was established on the basis of signs of the disease (glioma of the right optic nerve, epilepsy, hypertension, Lish nodules, osteoporosis). The diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was established according to the data of a multiple increase in the level of free metanephrines and normetanephrines in daily urine, a malignant CT phenotype of a tumor of the left adrenal gland, and confirmed by a pathomorphological examination. During genetic analysis, a variant HG38 not previously described in the literature in the heterozygous state was found in the NF1 gene in exon 38, leading to deletion of 4 nucleotides and a shift in the reading frame with a coverage depth of 170x. The variant is not found in the gnomAD population frequency database and most likely leads to loss of function of the corresponding copy of the gene, which makes it possible to attribute the pheochromocytoma in this case to the 2nd cluster of genetic abnormalities in paragangliomas. This case highlights the importance of timely diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1 to determine further follow-up and treatment plan. It also demonstrates the effectiveness of cooperation between specialists from different medical fields in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors secreting catecholamines, which can occur with neurofibromatosis 1 type.

Thyrotoxicosis most often occurs due to autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland or a multi-nodular toxic goiter, but it can also be caused by TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas. In the presence of these adenomas, the levels of circulating free T3 and T4 increase in the absence of suppression, even with elevated TSH levels. Incorrect interpretation of results from studies that only measure TSH can lead to erroneous diagnoses and management strategies for patients, including unnecessary surgery or radioactive iodine therapy. This can contribute to the growth of pituitary tumors. Various tests have been used to try to diagnose them, but none have proven to be eff ective. Only laboratory tests in combination with MRI of the pituitary can accurately diagnose and prescribe treatment. When choosing a treatment for TSH-producing pituitary adenomas, preference is given to the surgical method of transsphenoidal adenomectomy. If surgery is not possible or eff ective, the method used to normalize TSH levels is to prescribe somatostatin analogs. In some cases, it is possible to use somatostatin analog therapy before neurosurgery. In exceptional circumstances, radiation therapy may be used, as with other types of adenomas.