Flavia De Simone

Transitions of control between automated driving systems and human drivers remain safety-relevant and cognitively demanding moments in human–automation interaction. Recent studies show that transition performance depends not only on takeover timing or response speed but also on traffic complexity, driver readiness, automation limitations, trust calibration, and situational-awareness recovery. As in-vehicle interaction evolves toward conversational and agentic AI assistance, takeover support also becomes a problem of governing how natural-language AI systems communicate with the driver under uncertainty. This paper proposes a digital-twin-mediated framework for human-aware takeover support in automated driving. In this framework, the companion AI is treated as an assumed LLM-based in-vehicle conversational or agentic assistant used as an advisory interaction component. The contribution is defined at the architectural level: human, vehicle, and context/road digital twins provide structured semantic state abstractions through a semantic state interface exposing confidence, freshness, provenance, and consistency metadata, while a trustworthy companion AI (TCAI) layer grounds, constrains, validates, and governs companion AI output proposals before HMI delivery. Building on the research on driver-state monitoring, adaptive HMI, trust calibration, explainability, conversational assistance, and human assistance systems (HASs), the framework coordinates advisory interaction across vigilance support, contextual explanation, trust-calibrating communication, and directive handover guidance. The TCAI layer combines bounded reasoning, human-factor-derived guardrails, state-consistency management, dynamic explanation-depth control, trust-dynamics modeling, graded watchdog veto handling, mandatory access-control assumptions, and deterministic fallback. Safety-critical vehicle-control and minimum risk condition (MRC) functions remain assigned to the deterministic vehicle-control stack, while the authorized output path of the TCAI layer is validated HMI delivery. The paper concludes with a validation agenda and technical roadmap covering planned transitions, urgent handovers, degraded or adversarial conditions, temporal fusion of driver-state evidence, phase-sensitive HMI policies, trust-calibration trajectories, driver veto and partial-disabling mechanisms, and staged simulator-to-vehicle evaluation. Although motivated by SAE Level 3 automation, the framework may also inform fallback-related Level 4 scenarios in which human and automated agency must be managed under uncertainty.

The relationship between art and psychology has long been a subject of investigation, standing at the crossroads of creative expression and scientific exploration of the human mind. This connection not only has historical roots but continues to evolve through modern disciplines such as neuroaesthetics and art therapy, which provide tools to understand and address the complexities of the human condition. Freud himself acknowledged the potential of art to externalize the unconscious, foreshadowing the central role of artistic expression in emotional regulation and internal dialogue. Today, the intersection between art and psychology transcends historical narratives to encompass a neuroscientific investigation of the brain's responses to art and its therapeutic implications.Neuroaesthetics explores the neural mechanisms underlying artistic perception and creation. Recent studies demonstrate that the aesthetic experience engages a wide range of cognitive and emotional processes, activating specific brain regions such as the superior temporal sulcus and the posterior cingulate cortex, which are respectively responsible for perceptual analysis and emotional reflection (Baluku, 2024).In parallel, art therapy leverages creative processes to stimulate neuroplasticity, promoting structural and functional changes in the brain that enhance emotional well-being and cognitive resilience (Strang, 2024).Together, these disciplines underscore the dual significance of art as both a subjective experience and a scientifically grounded therapeutic tool.One of the most compelling aspects of this intersection is how art bridges the conscious and unconscious realms of the mind. Creative engagement has been shown to increase synaptic density and activate neural circuits associated with emotional processing, thereby fostering emotional resilience (Strang, 2024). At the same time, neuroaesthetic research elucidates how the brain processes artistic stimuli by integrating perceptual, cognitive, and emotional networks. This integration not only enhances our understanding 31 the individual's aesthetic experience but also highlights art's profound psychological impact (Baluku, 2024) These findings transcend theoretical interest, offering tangible applications in therapeutic practices and The relationship between art and psychology is not only an interdisciplinary curiosity but a robust area of We hope readers find this collection an inspiring resource, offering fresh perspectives on the evolving 93 relationship between psychology and art. 94 95

Four picture–word interference experiments aimed to test the role of grammatical class in lexical production. In Experiment 1 target nouns and verbs were produced in presence of semantically unrelated distractors that could also be nouns and verbs. Participants were slower when the distractor was of the same grammatical category of the target. To rule out the semantic hypothesis that the effects were due to objects versus actions semantic dichotomy rather than to grammatical class, Experiment 2 was conducted. Participants named target verbs in presence of unrelated action nouns and verbs. The results evidenced a grammatical category effect. Finally, in Experiments 3 and 4, morphologically not derived materials were used to verify the role of morphological information. The results evidenced a syntactic effect independent from morphology. Taken together the results supported the hypothesis that grammatical class information plays a crucial role in lexical production.