Okta Nama Putra

Broken rice is an underutilized agro-industrial by-product with high starch content and potential for value-added applications. However, native starch has several limitations, including high hydrophilicity and relatively large particle size, which may restrict its broader functional use. This study investigated the modification of broken rice starch through acetylation followed by sulfuric-acid hydrolysis to obtain acetylated starch with reduced particle size. Acetylation was carried out using two acetic anhydride levels, namely 10 and 20 g/100 g starch, and reaction times of 15, 30, and 45 min. The modified starches were evaluated for acetyl content and degree of substitution (DS), and were further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Increasing acetic anhydride level and reaction time increased acetyl content and DS, with the highest DS value of 0.119 ± 0.004 obtained at 20 g/100 g starch and 45 min. After acid hydrolysis, the DS decreased to 0.055 ± 0.002. FTIR spectra indicated structural changes after acetylation and subsequent hydrolysis. The acid-hydrolyzed acetylated starch showed an average particle size of 557.72 ± 3.18 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.08 ± 0.03, a zeta potential of 3.10 ± 0.40 mV, and irregular surface morphology. These findings indicate that sequential acetylation and acid hydrolysis of broken rice starch produced an acetylated starch material with reduced particle size and altered surface characteristics. However, the low zeta potential suggests limited colloidal stability, indicating that further optimization is required before further application-related evaluation.

Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is a versatile cellulose ether with two standardized forms: highly substituted (H-HPC), which is water-soluble and thermoresponsive, and low-substituted (L-HPC), which is insoluble but swellable. This systematic review with bibliometric analysis aimed to map the global HPC research landscape (2005–2024), focusing on publication trends, research impact, and thematic directions. Original research articles and conference proceedings indexed in Scopus were included, while reviews and non-research items were excluded. The database was searched on 7 July 2025 using predefined strategies and analyzed using Excel for descriptive statistics and VOSviewer for network visualization. Risk of bias assessment was not applicable; data accuracy was ensured through duplicate removal and the use of standardized bibliometric indicators. A total of 1273 H-HPC and 92 L-HPC publications were analyzed. H-HPC research dominates multidisciplinary applications in drug delivery, 3D printing, thermochromic, and energy materials, whereas L-HPC remains focused on pharmaceutical disintegration and binding. Nevertheless, the field is constrained by reliance on commercial grades and a narrow application focus, leaving broader material innovations underexplored. HPC is positioned as a strategic polysaccharide derivative with expanding translational potential. Future studies should emphasize greener synthesis, advanced functionalization, and industrial scale-up. Funding: Supported by BRIN. Systematic review registration: INPLASY202590019.

INPLASY202590019 Hydroxypropyl cellulose in sustainable functional materials: A two-decade research landscape analysis with translational insights Keywords: hydroxypropyl cellulose; bibliometric an…

Commercial food packaging materials are mainly synthesized from non-renewable petroleum-based polymers. Starch-based bioplastics have been developed as an alternative material since they are renewable and environmentally friendly. In this research, composite films derived from sago starch as matrix and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as filler with the addition of glycerol as plasticizers have been prepared. Ginger extract was also added as an antioxidant agent. The effect of ultrasonication at different time durations of MCC on the physicochemical properties of the composite film was investigated. Ultrasonication broke down the agglomerated MCC into smaller particle sizes and improved the dispersion in the starch matrix, as shown in the FESEM photograph. The mechanical properties were enhanced after ultrasonication. In addition, the ultrasonicated composite films showed better barrier properties toward water vapor compared to the untreated film. In addition, the developed antioxidant film containing ginger extract exhibited a great inhibition toward browning and shrinking on sliced apples during storage at ± 4 °C in a cooling room for 10 days. Overall, the composite films were biodegraded in two weeks. These biodegradable composite films can be a promising alternative for food-grade and eco-friendly packaging materials.

Background: The Indonesian pharmaceutical industry relies heavily on imported pharmaceutical raw materials (PRMs), with 90-95% of materials sourced from abroad, leading to increased production costs. Porang tuber (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) contains glucomannan with adhesive properties, making it a potential local alternative for tablet binding agents. Purpose: To optimize bay leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum) tablet formulation using porang tuber flour and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as binders through simplex lattice design (SLD). Methods: Porang flour was prepared and characterized for moisture and calcium oxalate content. A tablet formulation optimization study was conducted using Design Expert 13 with porang flour (5-10%) and PVP (0-5%) as independent variables. Responses evaluated included angle of repose, tablet hardness, and disintegration time. The optimized formula was verified and comprehensively characterized. Results: The optimum formula contained 9.86% porang flour and 0.14% PVP, with a desirability value of 0.98. The tablets exhibited satisfactory physical properties: angle of repose 24.70±0.36°, hardness 6.29±0.19 kg, friability 0.51±0.03%, and disintegration time 8.46±0.69 minutes. Statistical analysis confirmed no significant differences between predicted and experimental values (p>0.05). Conclusion: Porang flour can effectively replace synthetic binders in tablet formulations, producing tablets that meet Indonesian Pharmacopoeia standards while reducing dependence on imported excipients.

Biscuits made from roselle calyces and chitosan can be used as food ingredients to complement food needs and are nutritious for health. Roselle calyces contain anthocyanins, which have anti-hypercholesterolemic properties. Chitosan was also able to reduce fat levels in plasma and the liver, thereby reducing cholesterol levels. This study aimed to analyze the total anthocyanin content, determine the optimal formula, evaluate sensory acceptance, and test the anti-hypercholesterolemic of biscuits containing anthocyanins made from roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) flour and chitosan. The study used a completely randomized design with four different proportions of the main ingredients used to make biscuits containing roselle flour and chitosan, respectively; F0/ control negative (0:0)%; F1(4.5:0.5)%; F2(4:1)%; and F3(3.5:1.5)% and positive control (Simvastatin drug). The findings revealed that the analysis of the differential pH method on the total anthocyanin content of the four biscuit formulas showed a significant difference (P<0.05). F3 with roselle 3.5% and chitosan 1.5% showed anthocyanin content of 236.45±0.03 mg/kg higher than the others. Likewise, the evaluation of consumer acceptance shows that F3 was better in assessing taste, texture, and overall compared to F1 and F2. The in vivo analysis of the effectiveness of biscuits in lowering serum cholesterol after consuming biscuit samples for twenty-one days showed that there was a significant decrease in cholesterol levels with a decrease in total cholesterol and LDL by 33.72±1.39% and 35.87±2.29%, respectively in Formula 3 and followed by a decrease in Formula 2 total cholesterol (30.34±1.79%) and LDL (27.31±2.60%).

Sago starch is a locally abundant starch indigenous of Indonesia. Despite its abundance, it is underutilized and restricted to food and packaging applications due to its limited functional characteristics. The value of native sago starch can be increased through modifications that improve its functionality, such as dual chemical modification. This sophisticated approach is more effective than single modification and makes the starch suitable for wider applications. Our study aimed to determine if dual chemical modification involving hydroxypropylation and succinylation would optimize the functional properties of sago starch. The sago starch was first modified by hydroxypropylation with 7 % (w/w) propylene oxide under alkaline conditions for 3 hours. This process resulted in hydroxypropylated starch with a substitution degree of 0.107. We then subjected the starch to succinylation using succinic anhydride at 1 % to 5 % of the starch weight in an alkaline solution for 2 hours.We achieved optimal functional characteristics of the dual-modified sago starch in the sample modified with 3 % (w/w) of succinic anhydride. The succinyl degree of substitution, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, swelling power, and solubility of the dual-modified starch were 0.093, 4.16 g g⁻¹ , 7.20 g g⁻¹, 34.25 g g⁻¹, and 16:55 %, respectively. We conducted pasting properties analyses, infrared spectroscopy, and morphological structure analysis to determine the changes in the characteristics of the sago starch after hydroxypropylation and succinylation. The dual chemical modification successfully enhanced the functional characteristics of sago starch, particularly, its amphiphilic ability and swelling power. These results warrant further research and development in commercial applications.