Mariana J. B. da S. Crispim

The introduction of optimized nanoheaters, which function as theranostic agents integrating both diagnostic and therapeutic processes, holds significant promise in the medical field. Therefore, developing strategies for selecting and utilizing optimized plasmonic nanoheaters is crucial for the effective use of nanostructured biomedical agents. This work elucidates the use of the Joule number ($J_o$) as a figure of merit to identify high-performance plasmonic theranostic agents. A framework for optimizing metallic nanoparticles for heat generation was established, uncovering the size dependence of plasmonic nanoparticles optical heating. Gold nanospheres (AuNSs) with a diameter of 50 nm and gold nanorods (AuNRs) with dimensions of $41\times 10$ nm were identified as effective nanoheaters for visible (530 nm) and infrared (808 nm) excitation. Notably, AuNRs achieve higher $J_o$ values than AuNSs, even when accounting for the possible orientations of the nanorods. Theoretical results estimate that $41\times 10$ nm gold nanorods have an average Joule number of 80, which is significantly higher compared to larger rods. The photothermal performance of optimal and suboptimal nanostructures was evaluated using photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy procedures. The photoacoustic images indicate that, despite having larger absorption cross-sections, the large nanoparticle volume of bigger particles leads to less efficient conversion of light into heat, which suggests that the use of optimized nanoparticles promotes higher contrast, benefiting photoacoustic-based procedures in diagnostic applications. The photothermal therapy procedure was performed on S180-bearing mice inoculated with $41\times 10$ nm and $90\times 25$ nm PEGylated AuNRs. Five minutes of laser irradiation of tumor tissue with $41\times 10$ nm produced an approximately 9.5% greater temperature rise than using $90\times 25$ AuNRs in the therapy trials. Optimizing metallic nanoparticles for heat generation may reduce the concentration of the nanoheaters used or decrease the light fluence for bioscience applications, paving the way for the development of more economical theranostic agents.