Xueyu Jiang

Developing dysphagia-oriented 3D-printed foods requires balancing extrudability during printing and shape retention after deposition while maintaining macronutrient balance. This study proposes a composite ink system combining whole lotus root powder, whey protein, and an unsaturated liquid oil phase to explore lipid-mediated modulation of printability and texture. Oil incorporation reduced apparent viscosity and altered viscoelastic responses, revealing a formulation-dependent trade-off between flowability and structural integrity. Based on an integrated evaluation of printing fidelity and texture performance, a printable-and-swallowable formulation window was identified, with the formulations at solid-to-oil ratios of 10:0 and 10:1 exhibiting similarly low printing deviations and improved water-holding capacity. Multi-technique characterization indicated a predominantly amorphous matrix and a redistribution of bonding environments within aqueous domains, alongside droplet-matrix interactions that facilitated extrusion and post-printing structural evolution. The present results provide mechanistic insights and a preliminary quantitative basis for understanding how structural evolution relates to rheology, printability, and quality-related properties in dysphagia-oriented 3D-printed foods.

Despite the interaction between polyphenols and polysaccharides in food products, their specific non-covalent interactions and effects on macrophage functions are not well understood. Therefore, the interaction and mechanism of purified lotus root polysaccharide (PLRP) with polyphenols, and the regulatory mechanisms of the PLRP-polyphenol complex on the macrophage functionals were studied. By combining ferulic acid (FA) and chlorogenic acid (CHA) with PLRP, the complexes PLRP-FA, PLRP-CHA and the physical mixtures PLRP&FA and PLRP&CHA were prepared, where their mass ratios of polyphenols to PLRP were 143.97 and 601.67 mg g⁻¹. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), Ultraviolet (UV), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses confirmed that PLRP and polyphenols may engage in non-covalent interactions via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. We confirmed that non-covalent interactions led to high molecular weight, dense complexes. Both PLRP and its polyphenol complexes stimulated NO production by macrophages to varying degrees without exacerbating lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses. PLRP and PLRP-polyphenol complexes repaired cells with impaired antioxidant capacity, depending on doses. Those results indicated that after the combination of lotus root polysaccharide and polyphenol, the molecular weight and conformation changed significantly, which influenced the biological activity. RNA-seq analysis suggested that the regulatory mechanism of PLRP-polyphenol complex in macrophages may mainly involve oxidative phosphorylation, FoxO, TNF, IL-17, MAPK, NF-kappa B, and other signaling pathways. This study investigated the effects of polyphenol binding on the physicochemical characteristics and functional activities of polysaccharides, which provided references for the development of polysaccharide functional products and the control of nutritional quality.