Frank Schiller

Network analysis has allowed the studying of various aspects of cities in new ways. As such these analyses have often remained disconnected. However, scaling analyses can compare various patterns extending over different scales (scaling) if they belong to the same entity (allometry). This chapter argues that while scaling analyses of physical and social networks may inform urban transition research the proposed central role of cities’ population size is highly ambivalent. This is particularly true for economic indicators that do not reflect the need for sustainability. Scaling analysis of the built environment may, however, contribute to sustainable transitions if explanatory social mechanisms relating human behaviours and social institutions to existing scaling phenomena are provided.

A fundamental measure of safety communication is the residual error probability, i. e., the probability of undetected errors. For the detection of data errors, typically a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is applied, and the resulting residual error probability is determined based on the Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC) model. The use of this model had been questioned since several error types cannot be sufficiently described. Especially the increasing introduction of security algorithms into underlying communication layers requires a more adequate channel model. This paper introduces an enhanced model that extends the list of considered data error types by combining the BSC model with a Uniformly Distributed Segments (UDS) model. Although models beyond BSC are applied, the hitherto method of the calculation of the residual error probability can be maintained.

Ob mit oder ohne Brennwertnutzung: Die Tage der mit fossilem Öl befeuerten Heizung sind gezählt. Vor 1991 errichtete Heizkessel dürfen nicht mehr betrieben werden (GEG, § 72 [1]), neuere Heizkessel dürfen nur bis zum Ablauf von 30 Jahren seit Aufstellung laufen. Ab 2026 dürfen Ölkessel nur in Kombination mit erneuerbaren Energien in Betrieb genommen werden. Die Verunsicherung der Hauseigentümerinnen und -eigentümer ist groß. Dazu tragen auch die schrittweise steigende CO2-Bepreisung und die in Aussicht gestellte steuerliche Gegenfinanzierung der EEG-Umlage bei. Wer vor dem Umstieg von fossilen Energiequellen zu Ökostrom steht, sollte dies mit einkalkulieren. Dieser Beitrag soll die Diskussion zur Modernisierung der Wärmeversorgung versachlichen und Trends aufzeigen, die eine heutige Entscheidung für eine bestimmte Wärmeerzeuger-Technologie erleichtern. Die Methodik ist in [2] dargelegt.

Jan Wolf, Felix Wiezorek, Frank Schiller, Gerhard Hansch, Norbert Wiedermann & Martin Hutle

Summary: Industrial ecology (IE) has recognized the relevance of space in various areas of the field. In particular, industrial symbiosis has argued for proximity and the colocation of firms to reduce emissions and costs from transport. But, space is also relevant for industrial ecosystems more widely. These spatial principles have rarely been spelled out analytically and this article does so. From economic geography, we now have frameworks and analytical tools to undertake this kind of analysis. Using the example of ports and their hinterland, we argue for spatial analyses in IE.