Inaba Shujaat Qureshi

Corroles, a class of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, have garnered significant attention for their potential in cancer therapy due to their unique structural chemistry and ability to coordinate with metals. Their remarkable photophysical properties make them beneficial for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and fluorescence imaging, as they can produce reactive oxygen species when activated by light, offering potential for the treatment of various carcinomas, including hepatic, breast, pancreatic, and lung cancers. Despite the encouraging preclinical and clinical data supporting their therapeutic efficacy, challenges remain in optimizing corrole formulations, particularly concerning targeted delivery, stability, and bioavailability. This review highlights current advancements in corrole-based therapies, focusing on novel nanoparticle formulations that enhance drug distribution and therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, it examines the mechanisms of corrole-mediated cellular death and the role of photodynamic treatment in inducing apoptosis via various signaling pathways. Additional research is necessary to address formulation-related issues while ensuring the safety and effectiveness of corroles in cancer treatment, therefore maximizing their therapeutic potential and adhering to regulatory standards.

Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to rank among the leading causes of cancer-related death. Systemic toxicity, multidrug resistance, and nonspecific targeting often pose challenges to conventional therapy for CRC. Because it is a complex disease with a complex genetic and environmental pathophysiology, advanced therapeutic strategies are needed. Nanotechnology presents a potential solution that may maximize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing negative effects by enabling personalized delivery of anticancer drugs. This review focuses on recent developments in colorectal drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology. Numerous nanomaterials, including liposomes, dendrimers, micelles, exosomes, and gold nanoparticles, are developed and used. Distinctive characteristics of mentioned nanocarriers are discussed along with strategies that can be employed for enhancing the delivery of drugs to colorectal cancer cells. The review also quotes the most relevant preclinical and clinical studies that show how these nanomaterials improve drug solubility, stability, and targeted delivery while overcoming the shortcomings of conventional therapies. Nanotechnology has made CRC treatment very efficient and advanced, which has opened up new possibilities for targeted drug delivery. Preclinical and clinical studies have also proved that the use of nano-formulations in colon-specific delivery systems have significant results, indicating potential for better patient outcomes. Future research can be done in order to overcome the hurdles regarding biocompatibility, expansion, and regulatory challenges. Large-scale clinical trials and nanomaterial formulation optimization should be the main goals of future research to confirm the efficacy and safety of these novel treatments. Graphical abstract