Soukaina El Hajj
Current Organizations / Institutes
The organizations/institutes from the scholar's latest article
Soukaina El Hajj has a total of 24 co-authors. Here are the top co-authors by number of shared publications:
- Bertrand David
Laboratoire de Mécanique Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
2 shared publications Didier Letourneur
Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science (LVTS), INSERM U1148
2 shared publications- Hervé Duval
Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
2 shared publications Martial Bankoué Ntaté
Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupelec
2 shared publicationsAndrea Fanesi
Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupelec
1 shared publicationBertrand David
Laboratoire de Mécanique Paris-Saclay
1 shared publication
Latest Publications
- 4 May 2026
- Published by American Chemical Society (ACS) in ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
- Vol. 12 (6) , 3080-3102
How the Hydrogel Scaffold’s Porous Structure and Composition Control the Formation of Spheroids for Bone Tissue Engineering
When spheroids are used as building blocks in scaffold-based tissue regeneration strategies, two successive steps are typically involved: the fabrication of the spheroids using dedicated techniques and their incorporation into the scaffold. Here, we studied a scaffold-based approach involving a non-cell-adhesive porous biomaterial, where the cell suspension is seeded directly onto the scaffold, spontaneously forming spheroids within its pores. This “two-step-in-one” route is illustrated with a cross-linked pullulan/dextran hydrogel supplemented with hydroxyapatite (HA) particles (6% w/w in the dry state), entirely dispersed within the hydrogel phase, and textured by freeze-drying. Pores and spheroids were characterized in 3D using state-of-the-art tomographic techniques. The method was applied to the formation and in vitro coculture of MSCs/HUVECs spheroids for vascularized bone tissue engineering. Cells suspended in culture medium were seeded onto the hydrogel scaffold initially in its dry state, and the gel swelled concomitantly with seeding. The scaffold porosity decreased from 80% to 25%, the mean pore size decreased from 350 to 180 μm, and the pores underwent a buckling transition, evolving from spherical to lenticular (sphericity decreased from 0.71 to 0.49). At the same time, the cells condensed into grape-like aggregates, accelerated by two mechanisms: increased local cell density resulting from suction of the culture medium by the dry gel and geometric confinement imposed by shrinking pores. Then, the cell aggregates compacted with a characteristic time of about 3 h, transitioning from a lenticular shape inherited from the pores to a spheroidal shape (mean size of 130 μm, mean sphericity of 0.82). Later, the cellularized HA-supplemented hydrogel scaffolds induced early phase bone differentiation (ALP peaks at day 7), whereas pristine hydrogel scaffolds did not, although cells were cultured in a calcifying medium. Further osteogenic maturation was observed for spheroids cocultured in HA-supplemented scaffolds under dynamic conditions, which exhibited mineralized extracellular matrix. This led us to re-examine the physical mechanisms underlying HA’s osteoinductive properties. Together, these findings inform scaffold-based tissue-engineering strategies and open an alternative way for the high-throughput production of mature spheroids.
- 4 May 2026
- Published by American Chemical Society (ACS) in ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
- Vol. 12 (6) , 3080-3102
How the Hydrogel Scaffold’s Porous Structure and Composition Control the Formation of Spheroids for Bone Tissue Engineering
When spheroids are used as building blocks in scaffold-based tissue regeneration strategies, two successive steps are typically involved: the fabrication of the spheroids using dedicated techniques and their incorporation into the scaffold. Here, we studied a scaffold-based approach involving a non-cell-adhesive porous biomaterial, where the cell suspension is seeded directly onto the scaffold, spontaneously forming spheroids within its pores. This “two-step-in-one” route is illustrated with a cross-linked pullulan/dextran hydrogel supplemented with hydroxyapatite (HA) particles (6% w/w in the dry state), entirely dispersed within the hydrogel phase, and textured by freeze-drying. Pores and spheroids were characterized in 3D using state-of-the-art tomographic techniques. The method was applied to the formation and in vitro coculture of MSCs/HUVECs spheroids for vascularized bone tissue engineering. Cells suspended in culture medium were seeded onto the hydrogel scaffold initially in its dry state, and the gel swelled concomitantly with seeding. The scaffold porosity decreased from 80% to 25%, the mean pore size decreased from 350 to 180 μm, and the pores underwent a buckling transition, evolving from spherical to lenticular (sphericity decreased from 0.71 to 0.49). At the same time, the cells condensed into grape-like aggregates, accelerated by two mechanisms: increased local cell density resulting from suction of the culture medium by the dry gel and geometric confinement imposed by shrinking pores. Then, the cell aggregates compacted with a characteristic time of about 3 h, transitioning from a lenticular shape inherited from the pores to a spheroidal shape (mean size of 130 μm, mean sphericity of 0.82). Later, the cellularized HA-supplemented hydrogel scaffolds induced early phase bone differentiation (ALP peaks at day 7), whereas pristine hydrogel scaffolds did not, although cells were cultured in a calcifying medium. Further osteogenic maturation was observed for spheroids cocultured in HA-supplemented scaffolds under dynamic conditions, which exhibited mineralized extracellular matrix. This led us to re-examine the physical mechanisms underlying HA’s osteoinductive properties. Together, these findings inform scaffold-based tissue-engineering strategies and open an alternative way for the high-throughput production of mature spheroids.
- 9 April 2026
- Published by Agence Bibliographique de l'Enseignement Supérieur
Porous hydrogel promoting spontaneous organoid formation for bone reconstruction : implementation in a perfusion bioreactor
Hydrogel poreux favorisant la formation spontanée d'organoïdes pour la reconstruction osseuse : mise en oeuvre dans un bioréacteur à perfusion: L'environnement physiologique des tissus vivants est intrinsèquement tridimensionnel, ce qui représente un défi majeur pour l'ingénierie tissulaire in vitro, notamment pour reproduire les interactions complexes cellule-cellule et cellule-matrice qui gouvernent le développement et la régénération tissulaire. Cette thèse répond au besoin de modèles osseux plus pertinents en intégrant la biologie cellulaire, les biomatériaux, la microfluidique et la modélisation numérique afin d'étudier l'influence de l'architecture des matrices, des propriétés du support et de la dynamique des fluides sur le comportement des cellules ostéoprogénitrices dans un bioréacteur à perfusion.L'approche multidisciplinaire adoptée a permis de développer et d'optimiser des systèmes de co-culture sphéroïdale associant cellules souches mésenchymateuses humaines (MSCs) et cellules endothéliales (HUVECs) dans des matrices poreuses de pullulane/dextrane enrichies en hydroxyapatite (PUDNA/HAp). Le bioréacteur à perfusion a été conçu pour mimer la taille et la structure de défauts osseux critiques, assurant un environnement dynamique pour l'échange continu de nutriments et d'oxygène. La dynamique des fluides numérique (CFD) a permis de caractériser les gradients locaux d'oxygène, le pH et les stimuli mécaniques, garantissant des conditions physiologiques optimales tout au long de la culture.Les premiers résultats ont validé un protocole robuste de co-culture 3D dynamique avec des lignées immortalisées, montrant que la perfusion et une géométrie de matrice optimisée favorisent une viabilité cellulaire élevée (>94 %), une prolifération accrue, la formation spontanée de sphéroïdes et une différenciation ostéogénique et angiogénique supérieure. L'analyse par imagerie a révélé que la distribution spatiale et l'activité cellulaire étaient fortement influencées par l'oxygénation locale et les signaux mécaniques, la taille et la distribution des sphéroïdes étant régulées par l'architecture poreuse du support.Les études suivantes ont comparé le potentiel ostéogénique et angiogénique de deux sous-populations de MSCs humaines primaires : les MSCs de moelle osseuse (BMSCs) et celles issues de dents déciduales exfoliées (SHEDs), en co-culture avec des HUVECs. La culture dynamique a significativement amélioré la viabilité cellulaire et l'organisation vasculaire dans les deux groupes. Toutefois, seuls les sphéroïdes BMSC/HUVEC ont montré une différenciation ostéogénique robuste et une minéralisation conséquente, tandis que les sphéroïdes SHED/HUVEC présentaient un phénotype péricytique marqué.Enfin, les constructions BMSC/HUVEC ont été implantées in vivo dans des défauts fémoraux critiques chez le rat nu. L'imagerie µCT et l'analyse histologique ont démontré une minéralisation progressive et une régénération osseuse dans tous les groupes, soulignant les propriétés ostéoconductrices, ostéoinductrices et biocompatibles du PUDNA/HAp. Si l'ostéogenèse était comparable, le préconditionnement dynamique in vitro a nettement favorisé l'angiogenèse et la connectivité trabéculaire in vivo, illustrant l'importance des signaux biophysiques pour la régénération fonctionnelle.Ces résultats établissent un cadre pour la conception et l'évaluation de systèmes de co-culture 3D prévascularisés en bioréacteurs dynamiques. L'intégration de la modélisation, de l'imagerie avancée et de modèles animaux translationnels éclaire les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires de l'ostéogenèse et de l'organisation vasculaire. Ce travail ouvre la voie au développement de protocoles translationnels robustes et conformes aux exigences cGMP pour la réparation de grands défauts osseux, permettant une évaluation préclinique plus prédictive, éthique et pertinente des biomatériaux et stratégies thérapeutiques.
- 9 April 2026
- Published by Agence Bibliographique de l'Enseignement Supérieur
Porous hydrogel promoting spontaneous organoid formation for bone reconstruction : implementation in a perfusion bioreactor
Hydrogel poreux favorisant la formation spontanée d'organoïdes pour la reconstruction osseuse : mise en oeuvre dans un bioréacteur à perfusion: L'environnement physiologique des tissus vivants est intrinsèquement tridimensionnel, ce qui représente un défi majeur pour l'ingénierie tissulaire in vitro, notamment pour reproduire les interactions complexes cellule-cellule et cellule-matrice qui gouvernent le développement et la régénération tissulaire. Cette thèse répond au besoin de modèles osseux plus pertinents en intégrant la biologie cellulaire, les biomatériaux, la microfluidique et la modélisation numérique afin d'étudier l'influence de l'architecture des matrices, des propriétés du support et de la dynamique des fluides sur le comportement des cellules ostéoprogénitrices dans un bioréacteur à perfusion.L'approche multidisciplinaire adoptée a permis de développer et d'optimiser des systèmes de co-culture sphéroïdale associant cellules souches mésenchymateuses humaines (MSCs) et cellules endothéliales (HUVECs) dans des matrices poreuses de pullulane/dextrane enrichies en hydroxyapatite (PUDNA/HAp). Le bioréacteur à perfusion a été conçu pour mimer la taille et la structure de défauts osseux critiques, assurant un environnement dynamique pour l'échange continu de nutriments et d'oxygène. La dynamique des fluides numérique (CFD) a permis de caractériser les gradients locaux d'oxygène, le pH et les stimuli mécaniques, garantissant des conditions physiologiques optimales tout au long de la culture.Les premiers résultats ont validé un protocole robuste de co-culture 3D dynamique avec des lignées immortalisées, montrant que la perfusion et une géométrie de matrice optimisée favorisent une viabilité cellulaire élevée (>94 %), une prolifération accrue, la formation spontanée de sphéroïdes et une différenciation ostéogénique et angiogénique supérieure. L'analyse par imagerie a révélé que la distribution spatiale et l'activité cellulaire étaient fortement influencées par l'oxygénation locale et les signaux mécaniques, la taille et la distribution des sphéroïdes étant régulées par l'architecture poreuse du support.Les études suivantes ont comparé le potentiel ostéogénique et angiogénique de deux sous-populations de MSCs humaines primaires : les MSCs de moelle osseuse (BMSCs) et celles issues de dents déciduales exfoliées (SHEDs), en co-culture avec des HUVECs. La culture dynamique a significativement amélioré la viabilité cellulaire et l'organisation vasculaire dans les deux groupes. Toutefois, seuls les sphéroïdes BMSC/HUVEC ont montré une différenciation ostéogénique robuste et une minéralisation conséquente, tandis que les sphéroïdes SHED/HUVEC présentaient un phénotype péricytique marqué.Enfin, les constructions BMSC/HUVEC ont été implantées in vivo dans des défauts fémoraux critiques chez le rat nu. L'imagerie µCT et l'analyse histologique ont démontré une minéralisation progressive et une régénération osseuse dans tous les groupes, soulignant les propriétés ostéoconductrices, ostéoinductrices et biocompatibles du PUDNA/HAp. Si l'ostéogenèse était comparable, le préconditionnement dynamique in vitro a nettement favorisé l'angiogenèse et la connectivité trabéculaire in vivo, illustrant l'importance des signaux biophysiques pour la régénération fonctionnelle.Ces résultats établissent un cadre pour la conception et l'évaluation de systèmes de co-culture 3D prévascularisés en bioréacteurs dynamiques. L'intégration de la modélisation, de l'imagerie avancée et de modèles animaux translationnels éclaire les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires de l'ostéogenèse et de l'organisation vasculaire. Ce travail ouvre la voie au développement de protocoles translationnels robustes et conformes aux exigences cGMP pour la réparation de grands défauts osseux, permettant une évaluation préclinique plus prédictive, éthique et pertinente des biomatériaux et stratégies thérapeutiques.
- Open Access
- 17 November 2025
- Published by Wiley in Bioengineering & Translational Medicine
- Vol. 11 (3) , e70091
SHEDs and BMSCs exhibit distinct lineage preferences in HUVECs dynamic spheroid co‐cultures: vascular versus osteogenic commitment
Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) offer a promising alternative to bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) for bone tissue engineering due to their accessibility, high proliferative potential, and multipotency. In this study, we compared the osteogenic and angiogenic potential of two mesenchymal stem cells subpopulations, SHEDs and BMSCs, when co‐cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) into spheroids over a period of 28 days in porous pullulan/dextran scaffolds loaded with hydroxyapatite (HAp) particles as the sole osteoinductive cue. Spheroids were cultured under static and dynamic conditions, with the latter employing a perfusion flow bioreactor to enhance solute transport and oxygenation. Dynamic culture conditions significantly improved cell viability compared to static culture (85% vs. 54% at Day 28), maintained spheroid integrity, and promoted the expression of angiogenic markers, such as the cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) and von Willebrand factor (vWF), which under static culture were largely confined to the spheroid periphery. Furthermore, alpha‐smooth muscle actin/neural‐glial‐antigen 2 (αSMA/NG2) and CD31/NG2 colocalization reflected close spatial associations between SHEDs and HUVECs, suggesting a supportive perivascular interaction under dynamic culture. In the presence of HUVECs, we found that HAp particles alone were insufficient to induce robust osteogenic differentiation in SHEDs. Weak alkaline phosphatase activity, minimal osteopontin and osteocalcin expression, and incomplete mineralization were observed under both static and dynamic conditions. In contrast, BMSC/HUVEC spheroids exhibited robust osteogenic differentiation and consistent mineral deposition. These results show intrinsic differences in the behavior of SHEDs and BMSCs when co‐cultured with endothelial cells; while BMSCs tend to favor osteogenesis, SHEDs appear to adopt a more perivascular or pericytic behavior.
- 17 November 2025
- Published by Wiley in Bioengineering & Translational Medicine
- Vol. 11 (3) , e70091
Open AccessSHEDs and BMSCs exhibit distinct lineage preferences in HUVECs dynamic spheroid co‐cultures: vascular versus osteogenic commitment
Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) offer a promising alternative to bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) for bone tissue engineering due to their accessibility, high proliferative potential, and multipotency. In this study, we compared the osteogenic and angiogenic potential of two mesenchymal stem cells subpopulations, SHEDs and BMSCs, when co‐cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) into spheroids over a period of 28 days in porous pullulan/dextran scaffolds loaded with hydroxyapatite (HAp) particles as the sole osteoinductive cue. Spheroids were cultured under static and dynamic conditions, with the latter employing a perfusion flow bioreactor to enhance solute transport and oxygenation. Dynamic culture conditions significantly improved cell viability compared to static culture (85% vs. 54% at Day 28), maintained spheroid integrity, and promoted the expression of angiogenic markers, such as the cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) and von Willebrand factor (vWF), which under static culture were largely confined to the spheroid periphery. Furthermore, alpha‐smooth muscle actin/neural‐glial‐antigen 2 (αSMA/NG2) and CD31/NG2 colocalization reflected close spatial associations between SHEDs and HUVECs, suggesting a supportive perivascular interaction under dynamic culture. In the presence of HUVECs, we found that HAp particles alone were insufficient to induce robust osteogenic differentiation in SHEDs. Weak alkaline phosphatase activity, minimal osteopontin and osteocalcin expression, and incomplete mineralization were observed under both static and dynamic conditions. In contrast, BMSC/HUVEC spheroids exhibited robust osteogenic differentiation and consistent mineral deposition. These results show intrinsic differences in the behavior of SHEDs and BMSCs when co‐cultured with endothelial cells; while BMSCs tend to favor osteogenesis, SHEDs appear to adopt a more perivascular or pericytic behavior.
- Open Access
Bone Spheroid Development Under Flow Conditions with Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells in a 3D Porous Hydrogel Supplemented with Hydroxyapatite
Understanding the niche interactions between blood and bone through the in vitro co-culture of osteo-competent cells and endothelial cells is a key factor in unraveling therapeutic potentials in bone regeneration. This can be additionally supported by employing numerical simulation techniques to assess local physical factors, such as oxygen concentration, and mechanical stimuli, such as shear stress, that can mediate cellular communication. In this study, we developed a Mesenchymal Stem Cell line (MSC) and a Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell line (HUVEC), which were co-cultured under flow conditions in a three-dimensional, porous, natural pullulan/dextran scaffold that was supplemented with hydroxyapatite crystals that allowed for the spontaneous formation of spheroids. After 2 weeks, their viability was higher under the dynamic conditions (>94%) than the static conditions (<75%), with dead cells central in the spheroids. Mineralization and collagen IV production increased under the dynamic conditions, correlating with osteogenesis and vasculogenesis. The endothelial cells clustered at the spheroidal core by day 7. Proliferation doubled in the dynamic conditions, especially at the scaffold peripheries. Lattice Boltzmann simulations showed negligible wall shear stress in the hydrogel pores but highlighted highly oxygenated zones coinciding with cell proliferation. A strong oxygen gradient likely influenced endothelial migration and cell distribution. Hypoxia was minimal, explaining high viability and spheroid maturation in the dynamic conditions.
Open AccessBone Spheroid Development Under Flow Conditions with Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells in a 3D Porous Hydrogel Supplemented with Hydroxyapatite
Understanding the niche interactions between blood and bone through the in vitro co-culture of osteo-competent cells and endothelial cells is a key factor in unraveling therapeutic potentials in bone regeneration. This can be additionally supported by employing numerical simulation techniques to assess local physical factors, such as oxygen concentration, and mechanical stimuli, such as shear stress, that can mediate cellular communication. In this study, we developed a Mesenchymal Stem Cell line (MSC) and a Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell line (HUVEC), which were co-cultured under flow conditions in a three-dimensional, porous, natural pullulan/dextran scaffold that was supplemented with hydroxyapatite crystals that allowed for the spontaneous formation of spheroids. After 2 weeks, their viability was higher under the dynamic conditions (>94%) than the static conditions (<75%), with dead cells central in the spheroids. Mineralization and collagen IV production increased under the dynamic conditions, correlating with osteogenesis and vasculogenesis. The endothelial cells clustered at the spheroidal core by day 7. Proliferation doubled in the dynamic conditions, especially at the scaffold peripheries. Lattice Boltzmann simulations showed negligible wall shear stress in the hydrogel pores but highlighted highly oxygenated zones coinciding with cell proliferation. A strong oxygen gradient likely influenced endothelial migration and cell distribution. Hypoxia was minimal, explaining high viability and spheroid maturation in the dynamic conditions.