G. V. Siva Prasad

Blended learning or hybrid learning is the combination of online and offline learning systems modeled by applicable modalities and technologies. It provides learning experiences that include diverse factors defining individual modality, such as space, time, pace and path. In its moderately brief history, blended learning has attracted more attention in the educational field. Therefore, this study analyses three modes of learning, such as online, offline and hybrid learning, to prove the effectiveness of blended learning. To conduct this analysis, three one-year duration courses are taken into consideration. In each course, three subjects are considered. The number of students involved in performing the analysis is 900, and these students are divided into three groups. The analysis is performed based on learning modes, tool types and teaching aids. The outcome of the students is validated based on assignments, attendance and scores for three learning modes. Finally, the obtained outcome indicates that the hybrid learning mode demonstrates superior student performance in terms of assignments, attendance and assessment scores when compared with online and offline modes, considering the use of instructional tools and teaching aids.

Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death globally, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies. Nanoparticles have emerged as a promising tool due to their unique properties, including tunable size, high surface area, drug-loading capacity, and the ability to be functionalized for targeted delivery. Their potential in early detection, precise drug delivery, and localized therapy positions them as a transformative approach in CVD management. Objectives This review explores the latest advancements in nanoparticle-based interventions for CVDs, focusing on their role in targeted drug delivery, diagnostic applications, and therapeutic efficacy. We highlight how engineered nanoparticles can improve specificity, reduce systemic side effects, and enhance treatment outcomes. Methods We examine preclinical and clinical studies on lipid-based, polymeric, and inorganic nanoparticles optimized for CVD treatment. Their surface modifications, drug-release mechanisms, and targeting capabilities are analyzed, with particular attention to their applications in atherosclerosis, myocardial repair, and inflammation modulation. Results Functionalized nanoparticles demonstrate significant potential in CVD therapy by enabling site-specific drug delivery to atherosclerotic plaques, damaged cardiac tissue, and inflamed vasculature. Chemical and natural-based nanoparticles show enhanced therapeutic precision, with improved outcomes in drug bioavailability and reduced off-target effects. Conclusion Nanotechnology is reshaping CVD treatment through advanced drug delivery systems that enhance precision and efficacy. By leveraging nanoparticle engineering, future therapies can achieve targeted, personalized interventions, offering new hope in combating CVDs. Graphical abstract

The leading factor contributing to patient mortality is the local invasion and metastasis of tumors, which are influenced by the malignant progression of tumor cells. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is key to understanding malignancy development. EMT is a critical regulatory mechanism for differentiating cell populations initially observed during the neural crest and embryonic gastrulation formation. This process is closely associated with tumor metastasis in cancer and is also related to the maintenance of cancer stem cells. Flavonoids, known for their antioxidant properties, have been widely studied for their anticancer potential to protect plants from harmful environmental conditions. They have attracted considerable attention and have been the focus of numerous experimental and epidemiological studies to evaluate their potential in cancer treatment. In vitro and in vivo research has demonstrated that flavonoids can significantly impact cancer-related EMT. They may inhibit the EMT process by reducing the levels of Twist1, N-cadherin, ZEB1, integrins, SNAI1/2, CD44, MMPs, and vimentin while increasing E-cadherin levels and targeting the PI3K/AKT, NF-κB p65, and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways. In order to suppress the transcription of the E-cadherin promoter, several Zn-finger transcription factors, such as SNAI2, ZEB1, and ZEB2, and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factors, such as Twist, may directly bind to its E-boxes. Overall, clinical cancer research should integrate the anticancer properties of flavonoids, which address all phases of carcinogenesis, including EMT, to improve the prospects for targeted cancer therapies in patients suffering from aggressive forms of tumors.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in the pathophysiology of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), functioning as both signaling molecules and agents of cellular damage. This review offers an in-depth analysis of ROS production in AML, highlighting their impact on essential cellular pathways that govern cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis. It explores both natural and synthetic pharmacological agents that modulate ROS generation and enhance oxidative stress, assessing their therapeutic potential and the challenges they present in clinical practice. Additionally, the review identifies ROS-associated prognostic biomarkers that could enhance patient stratification and improve treatment outcomes in AML. Despite the promising potential of ROS-targeted therapies, significant challenges remain, such as the complexity of ROS dynamics, resistance mechanisms, and the influence of the tumor microenvironment. This review aims to shed light on current advancements and emphasize the need for further research to refine therapeutic strategies that leverage the ROS pathway in AML. Graphical Abstract

Background Neonatal disorders represent a significant public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where they account for 79% of global neonatal mortality. South Asia, comprising countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan, bears a disproportionately high burden, contributing to 38% of the world’s neonatal deaths. Despite notable progress, South Asia remains off track in meeting the Sustainable development goals (SDG). This study aims to assess the current burden, trends in neonatal disorders, and forecast mortality rates across South Asian countries, providing insights to guide investment priorities and improve neonatal outcomes. Methods Data for this study were sourced from the Global burden of disease (GBD) 2021 study, which utilizes a Bayesian meta-regression model to estimate mortality, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Spatial maps depicting the age-standardized prevalence rate and age-standardized mortality rate for neonatal disorders in South Asia were generated using QGIS software. Mortality forecasts for the period 2022–2031, attributed to various neonatal disorders, were produced employing the Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average model in R software. Additionally, an analysis of overall neonatal mortality trends from 1980 to 2021 was conducted, supplemented by a heat map that compares DALYs attributable to various neonatal disorders across South Asian countries in 2021. Results Between 1980 and 2021, South Asia experienced a substantial decline in neonatal mortality rates, with India and Bangladesh leading the progress. Mortality decreased by 40%, while DALYs fell by 35%, despite a 15% increase in the prevalence. The prevalence of neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma surged by 355%, yet its mortality dropped by 31%. Pakistan recorded the highest neonatal mortality and disease burden, particularly for hemolytic disease and other neonatal jaundice and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. In India and Bangladesh, neonatal preterm birth and neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections contributed most to mortality. Neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma accounted for the highest DALYs. Forecasts predict continued reductions in neonatal mortality across South Asia, except in Pakistan, where persistently high rates are expected till 2031. Conclusion For South Asian countries to meet the SDG target for neonatal mortality by 2030, intensified and continuous efforts are required. These efforts should focus on identifying high-risk pregnancies and improving the quality of care during childbirth to address the root causes and reduce preventable neonatal deaths.

Background: Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a re-emerging viral disease. Vaccine acceptance is crucial for preventing its spread. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the acceptance of the Mpox vaccine among student populations. Methods: We searched electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase, up to 14 September 2024. The studies included were observational, such as cross-sectional and cohort studies, and specifically assessed vaccine acceptance for Mpox vaccines among students. R version 4.4 was used to perform the meta-analysis, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of the findings. The publication bias was evaluated using Doi plots. Results: Of the 143 studies initially identified, eight studies were included in the final analysis, comprising a total of 16,129 participants. The overall vaccine acceptance rate was 58.6%, with considerable variability across studies (I² = 100%). The sensitivity analyses indicated that acceptance rates ranged between 45% and 70%. The Doi plot demonstrated the presence of moderate publication bias. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis shows moderate acceptance of the Mpox vaccine among students. Future studies should investigate the factors influencing vaccine acceptance and design targeted strategies to improve coverage, which will be essential for controlling Mpox and ensuring successful vaccination campaigns.