Andrew E. Warfield

Background/Objectives: Radiofrequency (RF) wire energy can be used for tissue ablation across many conditions. Adjusting RF generator parameters allows RF energy to puncture tissue with minimal adjacent damage. When RF energy is applied to tissue, however, microbubbles are produced, obstructing intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Mitigation of RF-generated microbubbles has been studied for ablation but not for puncture. Methods: This paper describes an in vitro bench study using ex vivo bovine live tissue. A model was created with bovine liver tissue and an IVUS catheter submerged in a saline bath. Tissue was punctured with an RF guidewire to recreate microbubbles. Following the puncture, various methods were applied: altering the mechanical index of the IVUS, applying a VF10-5 Linear probe (Siemens), and applying a L12-3 Linear probe (Philips). Regions of interest (ROIs) were selected to track pixel brightness as a proxy for microbubbles. Results: The control increased ROI brightness by 1.5%. Altering the mechanical index of IVUS reduced ROI brightness by 1.2%. VF10-5 probe application increased ROI brightness by 1.2%. L12-3 probe application reduced ROI brightness by 33.0% (p = 0.046, n = 3, one-sample t-test). Brightness reduction was most pronounced at the site of initial RF wire puncture, where microbubbles accumulated. Tip visualization improved, allowing for more precise wire trajectory adjustments. Conclusions: External US with an L12-3 probe was able to dissipate microbubbles effectively to improve IVUS guidance following RF wire puncture in an in vitro exploratory bench model.