Abdelrahim Awadelkarim Abdelrahman Mohamed

This study investigated whether first-trimester serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin can predict the development of preeclampsia in

The increased menstrual disturbances post-vaccination remain unclear. We examined factors, types, frequencies, and emotional challenges. We used a self-administered online questionnaire with the IBM-based SPSSv-24-Windows software for analysis. Of 1372 females, 61.1% (n = 838) were aged 19–29 years, 94.2% (n = 1292) were Saudis, 66.4% (n = 911) were graduates, 70% (n = 965) were single, and 15% (n = 205) had chronic diseases. Moreover, 96.5% (n = 1285/1332) had two vaccine doses, mostly Pfizer’s first- and second doses (82% and 78, respectively), while 3.5% (n = 47) only had one. Vaccine groups significantly differed (Pfizer, Moderna, Oxford, and do not know) after the first (0.047) and second (0.049) doses, while Pfizer vaccines were predictive [OR = 2.09 (0.96–4.10), p = 0.029] at two-doses [OR = 3.21 (1.23–5.21), p = 0.030]. No acute COVID appeared. The majority (77%; n = 1057) had no issues, except, in a subgroup of 23% (n = 315) of participants, 43% (n = 135) experienced worsening issues. However, 47.2% (n = 629) complained only post vaccination. Most issues were (75%; n = 471) cycle-timing disruptions; the rest were minor (decreased blood or bleeding, missed-periods, or pain). Other potential reasons were fear, stress, and mental health problems, which occurred in 51% (n = 674) of the group, while 53% (n = 701) were worried. Intriguingly, the menstrual issues in the remaining 47% (n=631) who were not worried could be due to a direct molecular vaccine interaction, irrespective of any mental issue ([OR = 1.78 (0.76–3.21), p = 0.033]. Age proportionalities were significant (p = 0.05) in the 30–39 year-old group (51%). Postgraduate education [OR = 2.11 (0.98–4.72), p = 0.015) and employment [OR = 2.18 (0.95–4.86), p = 0.049] were also predictors. These findings have significant implications in women’s health and vaccine improvement. Future studies on diverse factors are warranted.

Introduction: Menstrual hygiene is a critical aspect of adolescent girls' health, yet it remains a neglected topic, particularly in rural areas. Poor menstrual hygiene practices can lead to various health complications, including urinary tract infections, reproductive tract infections, and emotional distress. This study aims to assess the knowledge and practices related to menstrual hygiene among school adolescent girls in a rural community in Pakistan. Objective: To evaluate the menstrual hygiene knowledge and practices of school- going adolescent girls in rural Pakistan. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at different rural communities of Punjab, Pakistan during June 2024 to December 2024. Data include 650 adolescent girls attending schools in a rural community. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that assessed participants' knowledge about menstruation, menstrual hygiene practices, and sources of information.Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, and knowledge and practices were categorized into adequate and inadequate based on predefined criteria. Results: 58% of the girls had adequate knowledge about menstruation, while 42% had inadequate knowledge. In terms of practices, 62% of girls reported using sanitary pads, whereas 38% used cloths or other materials, with a significant number of them not changing the material regularly. A majority of the participants (62%, 403/650) used sanitary pads, while 38% (247/650) relied on cloths. Among the younger age group (<14 years), 85% (139/163) used cloths, highlighting a greater reliance on traditional materials among younger girls, which poses a higher risk of infections. Conclusion: There is a significant gap in menstrual hygiene knowledge and practices among adolescent girls in rural Pakistan. Improving access to menstrual hygiene products, education, and sanitation facilities are critical for improving menstrual health outcomes.Categories: Obstetrics/Gynecology, Public Health, Epidemiology/Public Health

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a significant public health concern with severe repercussions for reproductive health, including ectopic pregnancies, chronic pelvic pain, and tubal infertility. This study provides a comprehensive examination of PID, covering its clinical characteristics, risk factors, etiological agents, diagnostic methods, treatment options, and preventive strategies. PID encompasses a variety of inflammatory disorders of the upper female genital tract caused by pathogens such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, vaginal flora, and other bacteria. Despite a decline in PID cases associated with N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis, these pathogens remain substantial contributors. Key risk factors include age under 25, multiple sexual partners, unprotected sex, early sexual debut and a history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or previous PID. Diagnosis relies primarily on clinical evaluation, with symptoms ranging from mild pelvic discomfort to severe abdominal pain, complicating timely diagnosis. Effective treatment involves the use of empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics. Preventive strategies emphasize early detection and treatment of STIs, adherence to screening guidelines, and measures to prevent recurrent PID episodes. Effective management of PID requires early detection, prompt intervention, and comprehensive preventive measures targeting both initial and recurrent cases. Adherence to STI screening and treatment protocols is crucial in reducing PID incidence and associated complications. Continued research is vital to enhance the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and optimize treatment protocols, thereby improving the quality of life for women affected by PID.

The mechanism of menstrual-disturbance post-COVID-19 vaccination is subtle. Although direct interactions with molecular vaccines per se is reported, albeit the indirect stimulants, factors, patient demographics involved are not clear. Stress and uterine dysbiosis are largely overlooked despite the similar neurochemicals to that in the gut-brain-axis. Thus, more surveillance on women’s responses post-vaccination are needed. We aimed to survey the increasing trends in women’s menstrual disturbance post-pandemic vaccination for frequency, potential factors, patients’ demographics, and vaccine types involved using a self-administered web-based online public question-naire sent to different regions of Saudi Arabia. We collected data on 1372 women who developed menstrual ir-regularity after vaccination and used statistical analysis to examine and identify associated factors. In 1372 females; 61.1% (n=838) aged 19-29 years, 94.2% (n = 1292) Saudi citizens, 66.4% (n=911) graduates, 70% (n=965) were single, and only 15% (n=205) had chronic diseases. About 96.5% (n=1285) of 97% (n=1332) had two doses, mostly Pfizer's first and second doses (82% and 78, respectively) while ~3.5% (n=47) had one. No acute COVID infection appeared. The majority (77%; n=1057) reported no issues pre-vaccination except 23%(n=315) of whom 43% (n=135) reported worsening issues post-vaccination. However, 47.2% (n=629) complained only post-vaccination particularly after dose-2 (59% (n=370). These were mostly multiple simultaneously occurring issue in 75% (n=471) on cycle-timing disruptions the rest were low frequencies of decreased blood, missed periods, increased blood volume, pain, or increased bleeding. Potential reasons were fear, stress, mental health, and/or emotional problems in 51% (n=674), while 53% (n = 701) were worried about the pandemic. Although proportional differences between age-groups were significant (P =0.05), the relative frequency was highest in ages 30-39 (51%). Significant proportional differences in groups of (Pfizer, Moderna, Oxford, Don't know) occurred in outcomes post first (0.047) and second (0.049) doses. However, relative frequencies of outcomes were higher in Pfizer and Moderna. Logistic regression revealed postgraduate [OR=2.11 (0.98-4.72), P = 0.015) employment [OR=2.18 (0.95-4.86), P = 0.049]and Pfizer vaccine [OR = 2.09 (0.96-4.10), P= 0.029] two doses [OR=3.21(1.23-5.21), P = 0.030] as significant predictors. Mental health and emotional factors such as fear, worries, and emotional problems that triggered stress were also associated [OR=1.78 (0.76-3.21), P=0.033]. However, all other variables were not associated with menorrhea disturbances. Thus, menstrual disturbance was significantly associated with vaccina-tions. Fear, stress, mental health, worries about the pandemic, and/or emotional problems were the major reasons reported. Apart from direct viral interactions, these findings are consistent with the emerging evidence on indirect stress- and microbiome-induced stimulations. This is plausible in the absence of significant factors related to old-age, chronic diseases, and lifestyle-behaviors. These findings have significant implications in women’s health, gender-based interpretation, and vaccine improvement strategies. Future vertical studies on cortisol response and the consequence of uterine-dysbiosis in manipulating immune-response is warranted.