Xiangzhen Ma

Background: Kindergarten teachers are particularly vulnerable to burnout because their work involves substantial emotional and caregiving demands, which may be associated with teaching quality and children’s development. Using a sample of kindergarten teachers in China, this study tested a moderated mediation model to examine how workplace friendship, job satisfaction, and relative deprivation were associated with kindergarten teachers’ burnout. Methods: Using a cross-sectional self-report design, 344 kindergarten teachers from Jiangsu Province, mainland China, completed measures of workplace friendship, relative deprivation, job satisfaction, and burnout. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analyses, mediation analysis, and moderated mediation analyses were conducted using SPSS and the PROCESS macro. Results: (1) Workplace friendship was negatively associated with burnout among kindergarten teachers (β = −0.41, p < 0.001, 95% CI [−0.50, −0.31]); (2) job satisfaction partially mediated the association between workplace friendship and burnout (indirect effect = −0.19, SE = 0.03, 95% CI [−0.25, −0.13]); and (3) relative deprivation moderated the association between job satisfaction and burnout (β = 0.14, p < 0.01, 95% CI [0.05, 0.22]). Conclusions: These findings may help clarify how workplace friendship is associated with burnout among kindergarten teachers by identifying job satisfaction as a potential psychological pathway. Moreover, relative deprivation moderated the second stage of this mediation process, indicating that the association between job satisfaction and burnout varied across different levels of perceived relative deprivation. Future research should examine whether these associations among workplace friendship, job satisfaction, relative deprivation, and burnout can be generalized across different cultural contexts.

In the field of moral psychology, traditional perspectives often evaluate anger based on its consequences, either validating or condemning it for its perceived benefits or harms. This paper argues for a shift in focus from the outcomes of anger to its moral and psychological foundations. By integrating insights from psychological research, this study posits that the fundamental nature of anger is intrinsically linked to the quest for recognition. Justified anger is defined as an emotional response to the unmet need for fair acknowledgment, while unjustified anger stems from feelings of superiority and the pursuit of higher status. This paper distinguishes between these two forms of anger, providing a more nuanced and intuitive understanding of the emotion. This interpretive framework not only aligns with our experiential understanding of anger but also offers a theoretical bridge to reconcile divergent philosophical and psychological perspectives. This study emphasizes the importance of addressing the underlying issues of recognition and self-esteem, suggesting that anger, when properly understood and managed, can serve as a constructive force for social justice and mutual respect.