Ruoyi Dong

Against the backdrop of the global transition towards clean energy, deep-sea wind-power hydrogen production integrates offshore wind with green hydrogen technology. Addressing the technical coupling complexity and the impact of uncertain hydrogen prices, this paper develops a capacity optimization model. The model incorporates floating wind turbine output, the technical distinctions between alkaline (ALK) electrolyzers and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers, and the synergy with energy storage. Under three hydrogen price scenarios, the results demonstrate that as the price increases from 26 CNY/kg to 30 CNY/kg, the optimal ALK capacity decreases from 2.92 MW to 0.29 MW, while the PEM capacity increases from 3.51 MW to 5.51 MW. Correspondingly, the system’s Net Present Value (NPV) exhibits an upward trend. To address the limitations of traditional methods in handling multi-dimensional benefit correlations and information ambiguity, a comprehensive benefit evaluation framework encompassing economic, technical, environmental, and social synergies was constructed. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the comprehensive benefit level falls within a relatively high-efficiency interval. The numerical characteristics, an entropy value of 3.29 and a hyper-entropy of 0.85, demonstrate compact result distribution and robust stability, validating the applicability and stability of the proposed offshore wind–hydrogen benefit assessment model.

In order to solve the problem of large-scale offshore wind power consumption, the development of an offshore wind power hydrogen supply chain has become one of the trends. In this study, 10 feasible options are proposed to investigate the economics of an offshore wind hydrogen supply chain for offshore hydrogen refueling station consumption from three aspects: offshore wind hydrogen production, storage and transportation, and application. The study adopts a levelized cost analysis method to measure the current and future costs of the hydrogen supply chain. It analyses the suitable transport modes for delivering hydrogen to offshore hydrogen refueling stations at different scales and distances, as well as the profitability of offshore hydrogen refueling stations. The study draws the following key conclusions: (1) the current centralised wind power hydrogen production method is economically superior to the distributed method; (2) gas-hydrogen storage and transportation is still the most economical method at the current time, with a cost of CNY 32.14/kg, which decreases to CNY 13.52/kg in 2037, on a par with the cost of coal-based hydrogen production using carbon capture technology; and (3) at the boundaries of an operating load factor of 70% and a selling price of CNY 25/kg, the offshore hydrogen refueling station. The internal rate of return (IRR) is 21%, showing good profitability; (4) In terms of the choice of transport mode for supplying hydrogen to the offshore hydrogen refueling station, gas-hydrogen ships and pipeline transport will mainly be used in the near future, while liquid organic hydrogen carriers and synthetic ammonia ships can be considered in the medium to long term.

New energy sources, such as wind and solar energy, have been widely adopted; however, their volatility and instability have become the key issues restricting their utilization. To cope with this challenge, hybrid energy storage systems, as flexible regulation schemes, are capable of balancing the supply and demand of the power system according to different timescales and power demands, and enhancing the efficiency and utilization of new energy sources. Therefore, this paper proposes an integrated energy system planning and optimization method based on hybrid energy storage. Firstly, an adaptive noise integration empirical modal decomposition method based on the optimization improvement of the grey wolf algorithm is designed for the power allocation strategy of the hybrid energy storage system; secondly, for the electric–gas system, an energy management strategy for the hybrid electric–gas energy storage system, taking into account the operating characteristics of the alkaline electrolyzer, is proposed in order to strengthen the complementary mechanism between electric energy storage and gas energy storage. Finally, a multi-objective planning and optimization model for a comprehensive energy system based on a hybrid energy storage system is constructed. The combined configuration of long-term and short-term energy equipment can flexibly adjust energy supply and storage strategies according to demand changes on different timescales, achieve optimal resource allocation, and ensure the stability, economy, and reliability of the system. This paper uses a park in Shanxi, China, as a case study to validate the effectiveness of the methodology proposed in this paper. The example shows that the configuration of the electrical–thermal hybrid energy storage system proposed in this paper leads to a significant improvement in the economy, with an increase in annual profit of CNY 3.78 million, or 22.96%. At the same time, environmental protection is significantly enhanced, and total annual carbon emissions are reduced by 7.4 tons, with a reduction of 19.23%.