Mohd Afzal

This review explores the structural dynamics of dengue virus (DENV) during human-to-human transmission mediated by mosquito vectors, primarily Aedes aegypti. DENV remains a global health concern, with increasing cases due to climate change, urbanization, and mosquito adaptation. The structural biology of DENV, including its envelope (E), membrane (M), capsid (C) proteins, and RNA genome, plays a critical role in transmission and infectivity. The transmission cycle begins when mosquitoes ingest the virus from an infected human and later transmit it to others after viral replication within their salivary glands. Structural adaptations occur both in the mosquito host and human cells, enhancing viral stability and infectivity. Host-virus interactions, such as immune evasion and cellular entry mechanisms, further complicate disease progression. This review highlights the impact of structural changes on viral replication, pathogenesis, and resistance, while emphasizing recent research advancements and future challenges. Understanding these molecular mechanisms is crucial for developing effective therapeutics and controlling DENV spread.

Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW), a routinely available parameter in complete blood counts, reflects the variability in red blood cell size. Originally used to differentiate types of anemia, RDW has emerged as a valuable prognostic marker across a wide range of systemic diseases. Elevated RDW levels have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, liver disorders, infections, inflammatory conditions, and malignancies. The rise in RDW may reflect underlying inflammation, oxidative stress, nutritional deficiencies, bone marrow dysfunction, or impaired erythropoiesis, all of which are common features in systemic illnesses. As a readily available, non-invasive, and cost-effective biomarker, RDW offers significant clinical utility in risk stratification, disease monitoring, and outcome prediction. Its prognostic value has been particularly noted in heart failure, sepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and various cancers, where it correlates with disease severity and adverse outcomes. Despite its potential, the exact pathophysiological mechanisms linking RDW to systemic disease progression remain incompletely understood, warranting further research. This mini review summarizes current evidence on the prognostic significance of RDW in systemic conditions, explores possible underlying mechanisms, and highlights its role in clinical decision-making. Given its simplicity and accessibility, RDW has the potential to be integrated into routine clinical assessment to enhance early detection of complications and guide therapeutic strategies. However, standardization in interpretation and further validation in diverse populations are needed to fully establish RDW as a reliable prognostic tool in systemic diseases.

Background & objectives: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus characterized by a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome, and it is transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes. Prompt and precise diagnosis is essential for efficient clinical treatment, monitoring, and public health initiatives aimed at controlling CHIKV spread. Diagnostic methods include reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and serological assays, with lateral flow chromatographic immunoassays frequently used to detect IgM antibodies. The aim of this study is to compare the RT-PCR and chikungunya IgM antibody detection methods. Methods: A diagnostic comparative study was conducted within the Pathology department at Aarogyam Hospital in Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. In this study, two types of diagnostic methods were employed. Blood samples were obtained for the lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay IgM Combo Rapid test and Chikungunya RT-PCR. Statistical data analysis was conducted by using GraphPad and Microsoft Excel 2010. Results: The study included 50 suspected chikungunya patients. The mean age of participants was 35.6±6.627 (mean±SD) within 7-75 years age groups. There were 26 men and 24 women among the participants. Out of the 50 patients, 27 were identified as chikungunya positive. Interpretation & conclusion: The study reveals the complimentary nature of RT-PCR and IgM chromatographic methods in the diagnosis of chikungunya. While RT-PCR is excellent for confirming current infections, IgM chromatographic methods provide important information on the immune response.

Dengue fever, a viral illness transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, is marked by a reduction in platelet count (PLT) and changes in blood parameters, which increase the risk of complications such as hemorrhage. Platelet transfusion is frequently used to counter thrombocytopenia in dengue cases, but the precise effects on platelet indices (such as mean platelet volume [MPV] and platelet distribution width [PDW]) and leukocyte counts are still not well defined. This literature review investigates the role of platelet transfusions in modifying platelet and leukocyte dynamics in dengue patients. Studies reveal that transfusions can temporarily increase PLTs, offering short-term hemostatic stability. Changes in platelet indices post-transfusion include increased MPV and variable PDW, potentially reflecting reactive changes in the bone marrow and platelet population. Leukocyte counts show inconsistent responses, with some reports indicating a transient rise following transfusion, possibly linked to immune responses to transfused platelets. While platelet transfusion offers symptomatic relief, these findings highlight the complex interactions within the hematological system following transfusion and underscore the need for caution in transfusion practices. Further investigation is essential to delineate optimal transfusion thresholds, better predict hematological responses, and minimize potential risks associated with transfusions in dengue patients.

Liver cirrhosis continues to be a major global health issue, contributing to high morbidity and mortality due to its progressive nature and associated complications. This review explores recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of liver cirrhosis and its related syndromes. Non-invasive diagnostic tools, such as elastography and serum biomarkers, have significantly improved early detection, reducing the need for liver biopsies. Advanced imaging techniques, including MRI and CT, further enhance diagnostic accuracy. In parallel, molecular and genomic research is providing new insights into the pathogenesis of the disease, paving the way for precision medicine. On the treatment front, pharmacological innovations, such as antifibrotic agents and targeted therapies, show promise in slowing disease progression. Endoscopic interventions like variceal banding are improving the management of complications, while advancements in liver transplantation and artificial liver support systems offer life-saving alternatives. Regenerative medicine, particularly stem cell therapy and tissue engineering, is emerging as a promising strategy for liver repair. Managing cirrhosis-related syndromes, including portal hypertension, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome, now involves evolving therapeutic approaches such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) and novel pharmacotherapies. Prognostic scoring systems like the MELD and Child–Pugh are being refined with new biomarkers for better risk stratification. The future of cirrhosis care will likely involve the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning for early diagnosis and personalized treatments, alongside emerging therapies currently under investigation. Despite these advancements, challenges such as costs, accessibility, and healthcare disparities remain barriers to widespread adoption. This review highlights the importance of incorporating innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies into clinical practice to improve the outcomes for patients with liver cirrhosis and its complications.

This review examines the current state of Mpox awareness and prevention strategies in India, with a particular focus on rural and underserved communities. As Mpox, a virus endemic to West and Central Africa, begins to spread globally, including India, effective public health responses become increasingly critical. The review evaluates various public health campaigns, including government-led programs, NGO initiatives, digital and traditional media efforts, and community-based outreach. It highlights the role of educational initiatives such as school programs, training for local health workers, and the use of mobile health units in improving awareness and preventive measures. Challenges such as socioeconomic barriers, limited healthcare infrastructure, misinformation, and language and literacy issues are discussed. The review also assesses the effectiveness of current strategies through success stories, identified gaps, and community feedback. Recommendations are provided for enhancing awareness and prevention, emphasizing the need for stronger community partnerships, technological integration, culturally tailored communication, and increased capacity building for local health workers. Future research directions are suggested, focusing on bridging gaps in Mpox awareness, developing sustainable policy strategies, and integrating Mpox prevention with broader public health initiatives. The review underscores the importance of a comprehensive approach to addressing Mpox in rural India, combining government efforts, community engagement, and innovative strategies to achieve effective and lasting impact.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequent among pregnant women and can cause difficulties for both mother and fetus. Uropathogens that colonize the urethra and bladder are significant contributors to UTIs during pregnancy. Preventive measures aimed at uropathogen decontamination have emerged as promising options for reducing UTI incidence in this population. This comprehensive narrative analysis synthesized evidence from published literature to explore preventive measures for decolonizing uropathogens in the urethra and bladder among pregnant women. Key databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched using relevant keywords such as “urinary tract infections,” “pregnancy,” “decolonization,” and “uropathogens.” Primary preventative measures for uropathogen decolonization in pregnant women include antimicrobials such as nitrofurantoin and cephalexin, probiotics including Lactobacillus species, and behavioral changes such as increased fluid intake and good hygiene. While effective, concerns about antimicrobial resistance and long-term use require careful consideration and monitoring. The ideal length and frequency of these therapies are now being investigated by researchers. Uropathogen decontamination has the potential to reduce UTI incidence and improve mother and newborn health. It is critical to tailor evidence-based treatments to the specific requirements of pregnant women in prenatal care settings. Preventive interventions aimed at uropathogen decontamination, such as antibacterial medications, probiotics, and behavioral changes, are potential options for lowering UTI incidence in pregnant women. However, further study is required to improve methods, overcome obstacles, and assess long-term effects.

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a significant public health issue, with diagnosis often complicated by non-specific symptoms and limited access to specialised tools. Early detection is vital for preventing long-term complications. The review examines diagnostic challenges, prognostic factors, management strategies, and future advancements in CO poisoning. It highlights the limitations of current diagnostic techniques such as blood carboxyhaemoglobin levels and pulse CO-oximetry, while exploring emerging methods for rapid detection. Prognosis is influenced by exposure severity and delayed treatment, which increases the risk of neurological damage. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) remains the primary treatment but is not always accessible. Advances in portable CO-oximeters and biomarkers offer potential for improved early diagnosis and monitoring. Addressing resource limitations and refining treatment protocols are crucial for better patient outcomes. Future research should focus on personalised management strategies and the integration of modern technologies to enhance care.

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a significant public health issue, with diagnosis often complicated by nonspecific symptoms and limited access to specialized tools. Early detection is vital for preventing long-term complications. The review examines diagnostic challenges, prognostic factors, management strategies, and future ad-vancements in CO poisoning. It highlights the limitations of current diagnostic tech-niques such as blood carboxyhemoglobin levels and pulse CO-oximetry, while explor-ing emerging methods for rapid detection. Prognosis is influenced by exposure severity and delayed treatment, which increases the risk of neurological damage. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) remains the primary treatment but is not always accessible. Advances in portable CO-oximeters and biomarkers offer potential for improved early diagnosis and monitoring. Addressing resource limitations and refining treatment protocols are crucial for better patient outcomes. Future research should focus on per-sonalized management strategies and the integration of modern technologies to en-hance care.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a major public health challenge globally. Recent innovations in diagnostic technology have opened new pathways for early detection, ongoing monitoring, and more individualized patient care, yet significant barriers persist in translating these advancements into clinical settings. This review highlights the cutting-edge diagnostic methods emerging from basic science research, including molecular assays, biosensors, and next-generation sequencing, and discusses the practical and logistical challenges involved in their implementation. By analyzing current trends in diagnostic techniques and management strategies, we identify critical gaps and propose integrative approaches to bridge the divide between laboratory innovation and effective clinical application. This work emphasizes the need for comprehensive education, supportive infrastructure, and multi-disciplinary collaborations to enhance the utility of these diagnostic innovations in improving outcomes in patients with HIV.