Shuo Zhang

Balancing detection performance and computational efficiency is critical for sustainable pavement disease detection in energy-constrained scenarios. However, existing visual methods often struggle to adapt to structural transformations and capture critical features of pavement diseases in complex environments, while their computational demands can be resource-intensive. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a structure perception and feature attention network (SPFAN). The network includes a structure perception module that employs the updated deformable convolution technique. This technique enables the model to dynamically adjust and focus on the actual pavement disease regions, improving the accuracy of feature extraction, especially for diseases with irregular shapes and sizes. Additionally, the convolutional block attention module (CBAM) is integrated to optimize feature map attention across channel and spatial dimensions, enhancing the model focus on critical disease features without significantly increasing complexity. To further improve robustness, the generalized intersection over union (GIoU) loss function is adopted, ensuring better stability across targets of varying shapes and sizes. Experimental results on real-world pavement disease images show that the mAP@0.5 of the proposed SPFAN increases from 66.2% to 71.2%, an improvement of 7.55%, while the F1-score also increases by 9.03%, compared to the baseline YOLOv8n model. Furthermore, while achieving significant accuracy improvements, the proposed method maintains a similar parameter count as the baseline, preserving its low computational demands and high efficiency, making it suitable for real-time pavement damage detection in energy-constrained environments.