Marina Francesca Gattoni

Objectives Coeliac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disorder caused by the ingestion of the gluten allergen, leading to damage to the small intestine and nutrient malabsorption. Currently, the only safe treatment is the gluten-free diet (GFD), whose dietary restrictions may affect people with CeD (PwCeD)’s relationship with food and increase the risk of subclinical eating behaviours. This scoping review aimed to identify the presence and diversity of subclinical eating behaviours among PwCeD. Design The scoping review observed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines to select studies, with two independent reviewers conducting all the phases of the review. Data sources Eligible articles were retrieved from the following databases from inception to September 2025: PubMed (NCBI platform), Psycinfo (APA PsycNet), Web of Science (Clarivate), Scopus (Elsevier), Cochrane Library (Wiley). Eligibility criteria English, peer-reviewed full-text papers regarding quantitative studies focusing on PwCeD and subclinical eating behaviours that do not reach significance for a full eating disorder diagnosis were included in the present review. Studies involving individuals with non-coeliac gluten sensitivity, qualitative designs, reviews, grey literature and non-English publications were excluded. Data extraction and synthesis The main outcomes involved eating behaviours that did not reach significance for a full eating disorder diagnosis and that might be related to emotional regulation. Results From 1805 records, 13 predominantly cross-sectional studies met inclusion criteria involving 3724 subjects in total. Participants were predominantly female (M: 595/F: 3129; age: 35.14±8.37, BMI: 22.50±2.48), mostly referring to a moderate adherence towards GFD. The identified subclinical eating behaviours included: maladaptive eating attitudes, disordered eating, food insecurity, hypervigilance and body dissatisfaction. In addition, nine studies investigated their associations with GFD, quality of life (QoL), social anxiety and psychiatric comorbidities. Conclusion Subclinical disordered eating behaviours may impair QoL, mental health and adherence to GFD in PwCeD. Further studies are needed to enhance patients’ psychological state.

Background/Objectives: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterised by cardinal motor features and a multitude of non-motor manifestations. Among them, cognitive impairment in PD has been recognised as a defined clinical entity, and it might lead to an increased risk of developing dementia. Consequently, the present review aimed to ascertain the available interventions for the training of cognitive abilities in persons with PD (PwPD). Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed to select studies in the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Two independent reviewers conducted the different phases of the review, and a third expert was called in to address any doubts/conflicts. Randomised controlled trials and randomised clinical trials concerning cognitive training with cognitive outcomes in PwPD were selected. Results: A total of 28 articles were included. The considered studies applied various experimental interventions for the training of cognitive functions in PwPD: computer-based platforms, exergames, paper-and-pencil programmes, dual-task or treadmill training with action observation therapy, motor imagery, and virtual reality components, interventions targeting precise cognitive domain, tele-rehabilitation, transcranial direct current stimulation, structured cognitive training, and multimodal treatments. Cognitive functions were assessed employing neuropsychological tests, self-report questionnaires, and computerised batteries. Conclusions: Overall, the review reported better performances in the experimental groups compared to the control groups, in several cognitive domains. Structured cognitive training emerged as the most effective strategy to enhance cognitive functioning in PwPD. However, further studies are necessary to determine the most appropriate and useful training and to develop interventions that also consider patients’ quality of life.

Background: Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease. It is estimated that approximately 40% of individuals with CD are non-adherent to medical prescriptions. This lack of adherence to treatment plans has been linked to an increased risk of hospitalisation and surgical procedures, which can have a detrimental impact on the patient’s quality of life (QoL). Furthermore, the CD can impose significant stress on individuals, affecting their mental health and sense of mastery. The term ‘mastery’ is used to describe an individual’s awareness of their abilities and capacities that are essential for effectively managing life events and situations. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the role of mastery in relation to medical adherence, distress, perceived social support, QoL, depressive and anxious symptoms and interoception in persons with a diagnosis of CD. Design: This is a cross-sectional study, involving 261 adults diagnosed with CD. Methods: Participants completed an online questionnaire comprising validated clinical and psychological scales, which lasted approximately 20 min. Participants were permitted to provide their most recently available medical report. Results: Patients with CD reported discrete levels of mastery. Two factorial ANOVA highlighted statistically significative differences in mastery in relation to clinical conditions ( F(2, 253) = 11.22, p < 0.001) and a significative interaction effect between gender and symptomatology ( F(2, 253) = 7.22, p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression illustrated a statistically significant association between mastery, clinical conditions, QoL, stress and interoception (adjusted R square = 0.558; F(14, 211) = 21.32, p < 0.001). Concerning the possible mediator role of mastery between psychological state and medical adherence, no statistically significant results emerged from the mediation model analysis. Conclusion: This study highlighted an effective impairment of mastery in CD patients, especially among men experiencing mild disease activity. A positive association between mastery and enteroception was outlined. The higher prevalence of distress, anxiety and depressive symptoms connected to mastery was substantiated. Future research should deepen the relationship between mastery with medical adherence.