Michał Kruszewski

Mediation is one of the most effective forms of dispute resolution, classified as an Alternative Dispute Resolution method and referred to as the “queen of ADR.” The process of adopting mediation into the Polish legal system began on July 26, 1991, when the Act of May 23, 1991, on the Resolution of Collective Disputes entered into force, and ended on June 1, 2017, when an amendment to the Act of June 14, 1960, the Code of Administrative Procedure, entered into force, introducing, among other things, a new Chapter 5a entitled “Mediation.” The subject of this article is to review legislative changes concerning mediation in civil and administrative proceedings in the years 2020-2025 and to assess whether these changes meet the fundamental objectives of mediation, which are to pursue the idea of restorative justice and the effectiveness of mediation as a form of out-of-court dispute resolution. The analyses carried out will allow for the drawing of general conclusions and de lege ferenda conclusions.

Background: The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between body weight (weight category groups) and the ability to maintain balance in conditions of restricted field of vision and support area in female wrestlers. Methods: The study involved female wrestlers (n = 34), who were divided into three weight categories. The Romberg test was performer using a freeSTEP STANDARD stabilometric platform. The analysed stabilometric parameters measuring the range of centre-of-pressure (CoP) deviation included total path length (PL) of foot pressure on the ground. Results: The postural stability of female wrestlers was determined by their position, the quality of visual information, the limitation of the support base, and their weight category. As visual information and the support base were limited (when standing on one leg), the deviation of the centre of gravity increased (right leg: f² = 0.293, p < 0.005). Lightweight competitors showed the biggest body deviations in the ‘standing with both feet and eyes open’ position compared to the middleweight and heavyweight categories (eyes open EO f² = 0.233, p < 0.05; eyes closed EC f² = 0.217, p < 0.05). The differences between the tests with eyes open and closed were statistically significant only in the lightweight category. Conclusions: Balance training on the right leg with eyes open can be a sensitive diagnostic test, highlighting differences in stability levels between weight groups. It indicates the need to develop stability while eliminating visual compensation in order to compensate for these differences in competitive sports.

Background: The aim of the study was to verify or falsify the relationships between body weight (weight category groups) and the ability to maintain balance in conditions of restricted field of vision and support area in female wrestlers. Methods: The study involved female wrestlers (n=34), who were divided into three weight categories. The Romberg test was performer using a freeSTEP STANDARD stabilometric platform. The analyzed stabilometric parameters measuring the range of center of pressure (CoP) deviation were: total path length (PL) of foot-pressure on the ground. Results: The postural stability of female wrestlers is determined by their position, the quality of visual information, the limitation of the support base, and their weight category. As visual information and the support base were limited (when standing on one leg), the deviation of the centre of gravity increased (right leg: f2 = .293, p< .005). Lightweight competitors showed the biggest body deviations in the ‘standing with both feet and eyes open’ position compared to the middleweight and heavyweight categories (eyes open EO f2 = .233, p< .05; eyes closed EC f2 = .217, p< .05). The differences between the tests with eyes open and closed were statistically significant only in the lightweight category. Conclusions: Balance training on the right leg with eyes open can be a sensitive diagnostic test, highlighting differences in stability levels between weight groups. It indicates the need to develop stability while eliminating visual compensation in order to compensate for these differences in competitive sports.

Background and Study Aim. Balance plays a key role in many sports, particularly those that require precise movements and continuous body control. The aim of the study was to verify or disprove changes in the ability to maintain static balance after six months of wrestling training under conditions of reduced visual input and limited support surface. Material and Methods. The study included twenty-three male primary school pupils who participated in wrestling training. Their average age was 13.00 ± 1.48 years. The average height was 156.7 ± 35.22 cm, and the average body weight was 58.7 ± 19.00 kg. Training experience ranged from 1 to 2 years. The Romberg test was conducted using a freeSTEP STANDARD stabilometric platform with a sampling frequency of 250–400 Hz to assess static balance. The analysed stabilometric parameters included: total path length (PL) of foot pressure; confidence ellipse area (CEA); mean velocity (MV), defined as the total CoP path in 30 seconds; root mean square (RMS) of sway in the medial-lateral direction (X-RMS); and RMS in the anteroposterior direction (Y-RMS). Results. For the two-leg standing test, the values of PL, CEA, MV, X-RMS, and Y-RMS showed no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). The effect sizes were small (η² < 0.10), indicating low sensitivity of these parameters to the intervention. In the one-leg standing test, on both the right and left legs, no significant differences were found (p > 0.05) in PL, CEA, X-RMS, and Y-RMS between eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) conditions. However, mean sway velocity (MV) increased significantly under EC conditions compared to EO, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Conclusions. The lack of significant differences in the two-leg stance may reflect stable postural control development in this age group. However, selective neuromuscular adaptation in postural control was observed under more demanding one-leg stance conditions. Therefore, it is advisable to modify wrestling training programmes for schoolchildren to include more complex equilibrium and sensorimotor challenges.

Background and Study Aim. The cognitive aim of the paper is the methodological argumentation, showing the UTPA-MP as a basic tool for providing evidence that the physical education paradigm is in many ways counterproductive in the sense of the social responsibility of science to permanently strengthen all dimensions of personal health and safety. Application objective – a perspective on the application of UTPA-MP from the micro-scale to the global dimension of public. Material and Methods. UTPA-MP, as a compilation of empirically verified non- and quasi-experimental tests in numerous experimental applications, provides knowledge about human motor potential according to uniform evaluation criteria, irrespective of gender. The age limits are conventional – the boundaries of the continuum are only indicatively linked to the start of primary school. Results. The results of the UTPA-MP provide knowledge of deep sensibility, flexibility, ability to tolerate imbalances, muscle strength of the upper and lower limbs and abdominal muscles, as well as the body's physical capacity (anaerobic and aerobic). Since it lasts about 15-20 minutes it is a sufficient stimulus preparing the body for the continuation of physical effort. The test is a system of specific training sessions and has references to the strengthening of health and survival skills. Conclusions. Since in the praxeological sense ‘dispositional feasibility’ – is the strength, intellectual or manipulative ability and knowledge (skill) and willingness sufficient to perform a given action, the interpretation of the results of measuring motor (energy) potential based on UTPA-MP indices goes beyond the paradigm narrowed to the field of physical education and sport.