César Giacomini Penteado

The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a transformative technology that allows interconnected devices to exchange data over the Internet, enabling automation and real-time decision making in a variety of areas. A key aspect of the success of the IoT lies in its integration with low-resource hardware, such as low-cost microprocessors and microcontrollers. These devices, which are affordable and energy efficient, are capable of handling basic tasks such as sensing, processing, and data transmission. Their low cost makes them ideal for IoT applications in low-income communities where the government is often absent. This review aims to present some applications—such as a flood detection system; a monitoring system for analog and digital sensors; an air quality measurement system; a mesh video network for community surveillance; and a real-time fleet management system—that use low-cost hardware such as ESP32, Raspberry Pi, and Arduino, and the MQTT protocol used to implement low-cost monitoring systems applied to improve the quality of life of people in small cities or communities.