Christian David Corrales Otazú

Este libro ofrece un análisis sociojurídico de las tensiones que atraviesan la propiedad intelectual en la universidad, entre la creación académica de docentes e investigadores, la regulación jurídica aplicable y la gestión institucional de los resultados de investigación, con especial atención al caso peruano. Examina cómo el modelo continental europeo de derecho de autor, centrado en la persona creadora, convive con las presiones de transferencia tecnológica y capitalización del conocimiento, y cómo la Ley Universitaria N.° 30220, al no resolver de forma expresa la titularidad de los resultados de investigación, deja que cada universidad regule el tema mediante reglamentos internos de calidad desigual. La obra se organiza en cuatro capítulos: la configuración del problema jurídico-institucional; los fundamentos doctrinarios y el marco normativo (derecho de autor, derechos conexos y patentes); el diseño metodológico cualitativo, interpretativo y crítico; y un diagnóstico de la eficiencia normativa e institucional frente a la inteligencia artificial generativa, la ciencia abierta y los repositorios digitales. Su propósito es aportar bases conceptuales para un modelo de gobernanza del conocimiento que proteja los derechos de los autores, garantice la sostenibilidad institucional y preserve la función pública de la ciencia.

Background: Single windows, customs risk management, authorized economic operator (AEO) programs and port community systems are expected to lower cross-border logistics friction. Evidence on how much friction they remove is abundant; evidence on where the surviving friction settles, and who absorbs it, is scarce. Peru, with mature facilitation instruments yet weak logistics performance, is the case examined. Methods: Twenty sessions—thirteen institutional interviews and seven roundtables and workshops with border agencies, port, airport, warehouse and postal operators and exporter associations (2611 speaker turns, 137,984 words)—were analyzed through codebook thematic analysis with two coding rounds, a negative-case search and intercoder verification (κ = 0.881 for codability, 0.824 aggregate). Results: Facilitation did not eliminate friction but redistributed it along three coupled pathways: institutional (the digital instrument stops at each agency’s boundary), material (digital coordination runs on nodes whose physical capacity nobody coordinates) and segment-based (trust devices reward operators who already comply). Six node-level mechanisms are documented, and predictability proved codable (κ = 0.712) and concerned decisions more than durations. Conclusions: The Friction Redistribution Framework is proposed as a diagnostic and a set of grounded hypotheses: for each instrument, where residual friction lands, who absorbs it and which indicator would reveal it.

Background Servicescape models of restaurant loyalty typically assume that every diner weighs the physical environment, perceived price, and satisfaction in the same way. This study submits that assumption to a formal test and asks whether the evaluation chain that links the physical environment to loyalty is reconfigured when diners are grouped by how often they visit. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 705 diners was conducted in full-service restaurants across five cities of northern Peru: Chiclayo, Trujillo, Piura, Cajamarca, and Tumbes. The data were analyzed with covariance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) in Mplus 8.3, using robust maximum likelihood estimation for the measurement and invariance models and maximum likelihood with 10,000 bias-corrected bootstrap draws for the structural and mediation models. The procedure was complemented by measurement invariance testing, a multigroup comparison of occasional (n = 304) and frequent (n = 401) customers, and an importance-performance analysis (IPA) computed in RStudio. Results Thirteen of the sixteen direct and mediation hypotheses were supported. Decor and ambient conditions shaped both price perception and satisfaction, and satisfaction was the near-exclusive antecedent of loyalty (standardized coefficient = 0.940; coefficient of determination = 0.883). The three servicescape dimensions were highly correlated (up to 0.94), and a second-order servicescape specification reproduced the same evaluation chain. The serial chain from the physical environment through price and satisfaction to loyalty held for decor and ambient conditions but not for spatial layout. None of the four between-segment differences reached significance (Wald chi-square = 3.56, degrees of freedom = 2, p = 0.169); the decor-to-satisfaction path was descriptively stronger among frequent customers, but this within-group pattern does not constitute evidence of moderation. Conclusions The evaluation chain showed no detectable structural differences across segments. Managers can anchor a single strategy on satisfaction, supported by ambient conditions, fair price signals and decor, rather than designing a different value proposition for each type of customer.

University students’ adoption of generative artificial intelligence has become nearly universal, yet institutional guidance has not kept pace, leaving responsible use dependent on students’ own self-regulation. Drawing on social cognitive theory, this study examined whether self-regulated learning accounts for the association between AI literacy and self-reported responsible use of generative AI, and how technostress relates to that association. A cross-sectional survey of 820 Peruvian undergraduates from public and private universities was analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling; a two-stage moderated mediation model with latent interactions was estimated using latent moderated structural equations. Measurement invariance held across gender and university type, and the available diagnostics did not indicate a dominant common-method factor. AI literacy predicted self-regulated learning (β = 0.626) and responsible use (β = 0.243), and self-regulated learning predicted responsible use (β = 0.445). The indirect effect was significant, β = 0.278, 95% CI [0.226, 0.337], accounting for 53.4% of the total effect. Technostress showed no significant moderation of the first stage or the direct path, but the second-stage path was significantly weaker at higher levels of technostress (b₂ = −0.211, p < 0.001): the conditional indirect effect was 0.344 at low and 0.111 at high technostress and was not statistically distinguishable from zero above the estimated region-of-significance boundary of +1.40 SD. Technostress was not associated with weaker self-regulation, but with a weaker association between self-regulation and its behavioural expression. Because the design is cross-sectional, all estimates are reported as associations.

University students’ adoption of generative artificial intelligence has become nearly universal, yet institutional guidance has not kept pace, leaving responsible use dependent on students’ own self-regulation. Drawing on social cognitive theory, this study tested whether self-regulated learning mediates the effect of AI literacy on the responsible use of generative AI, and how technostress influences that process. A cross-sectional survey of 820 Peruvian undergraduates from public and private universities was analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling; a two-stage moderated mediation model with latent interactions was estimated using latent moderated structural equations. Measurement invariance held across gender and university type, and common method variance was negligible. AI literacy predicted self-regulated learning (β = .626) and responsible use (β = .243), and self-regulated learning predicted responsible use (β = .445). The indirect effect was significant, β = .278, 95% CI [.226, .337], accounting for 53.4% of the total effect. Technostress did not moderate either the first stage or the direct path, but it significantly attenuated the second stage (b₂ = −.211, p < .001): the conditional indirect effect fell from .344 to .111 across moderator levels and ceased to differ from zero above 1.40 SD. Technostress does not prevent students from acquiring self-regulation; it prevents them from putting it into practice.

Background Servicescape models of restaurant loyalty typically assume that every diner weighs the physical environment, perceived price, and satisfaction in the same way. This study submits that assumption to a formal test and asks whether the evaluation chain that links the physical environment to loyalty is reconfigured when diners are grouped by how often they visit. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 705 diners was conducted in full-service restaurants across five cities of northern Peru: Chiclayo, Trujillo, Piura, Cajamarca, and Tumbes. The data were analyzed with covariance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) in Mplus 8.3, using robust maximum likelihood estimation and 10,000 bootstrap draws with bias-corrected confidence intervals. The procedure was complemented by measurement invariance testing, a multigroup comparison of occasional (n = 304) and frequent (n = 401) customers, and an importance-performance analysis (IPA) computed in RStudio. Results Thirteen of the sixteen direct and mediation hypotheses were supported. Decor and ambient conditions shaped both price perception and satisfaction, and satisfaction was the near-exclusive antecedent of loyalty (standardized coefficient = 0.940; coefficient of determination = 0.883). The serial chain from the physical environment through price and satisfaction to loyalty held for decor and ambient conditions but not for spatial layout. None of the four between-segment differences reached significance (Wald chi-square = 3.56, degrees of freedom = 2, p = 0.169), although the decor-to-satisfaction path was significant only among frequent customers. Conclusions The evaluation chain is structurally robust across segments. Managers can anchor strategy on satisfaction while directing decor investment toward their repeat clientele, rather than designing a different value proposition for each type of customer.

El presente libro analiza las brechas existentes entre el diseño curricular de los cursos de investigación jurídica en las facultades de Derecho y las prácticas formativas efectivamente desarrolladas por los docentes. A partir de un enfoque jurídico-educativo que integra el análisis dogmático del Derecho con perspectivas propias de la investigación educativa, el estudio examina la coherencia entre los instrumentos normativos, los documentos curriculares y las dinámicas formativas presentes en el contexto universitario. El diagnostico desarrollado en el marco de esta investigación evidencia que las facultades de Derecho analizadas presentan una estructura curricular relativamente uniforme, en la cual la formación investigativa se concentra en un número reducido de asignaturas ubicadas principalmente en los primeros y últimos ciclos de la carrera. Esta configuración genera discontinuidades en el desarrollo progresivo de competencias investigativas y contribuye a explicar las brechas identificadas entre el diseño curricular formal y la implementación efectiva de la enseñanza de la investigación jurídica (Sullivan, W. M. et al., 2007). El estudio revela, asimismo, que la tesis constituye el principal mecanismo pedagógico para la formación investigativa, lo que genera una visión predominantemente instrumental de la investigación jurídica dentro de la carrera profesional. Adicionalmente, se identificó una presencia limitada de docentes con reconocimiento formal como investigadores dentro de los sistemas nacionales de evaluación científica, lo cual incide en las condiciones institucionales para el desarrollo de una cultura académica orientada a la producción de conocimiento jurídico. El libro concluye que el fortalecimiento de la formación investigativa en las facultades de Derecho requiere intervenciones en tres niveles: la estructura curricular, las practicas docentes y las condiciones institucionales que enmarcan el desarrollo de la investigación dentro de la educación jurídica universitaria (Altbach, P. G. et al., 2009).

This study aimed to assess the economic-trade sustainability of crab exports from Canada, Vietnam and China by contrasting frozen (HS 030614) and non-frozen (HS 030633) segments in terms of destination diversification and revealed competitiveness. In this study, economic-trade sustainability is interpreted as the structural coherence between destination diversification, revealed competitiveness, and the trade conditions that support export continuity in perishable products. A quantitative, descriptive within-country design was implemented using ITC Trade Map secondary data for 2020–2024. Destination concentration was measured with the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), competitiveness with symmetric revealed comparative advantage (SRCA), structural orientation with a Relative Specialization Index (RSI), and an integrated positioning matrix combined mean HHI and SRCA with export-weighted centering and confidence intervals. The results indicated persistently high concentration in Canada across both segments, with frozen exports locked into a United States corridor and non-frozen exports becoming increasingly China-dependent. China exhibited moderate concentration and a more regionally dispersed portfolio, alongside stable competitive advantages in several Asian markets, while showing selective disadvantages in some Western destinations. Vietnam displayed the highest structural vulnerability, particularly in the non-frozen segment, with extremely high HHI, abrupt destination shifts and competitiveness confined to a narrow corridor. Overall, preservation-form segmentation shaped distinct risk architectures, and sustainability depended on the joint configuration of diversification and competitive strength.

Wheat trade sustainability has become critical amid compounding shocks—pandemic disruptions, extreme weather events, and the Russia–Ukraine war—that exposed vulnerabilities in global food supply systems. This study documents how five major wheat suppliers (Australia, Canada, the United States, Russia, and Ukraine) adjusted destination structures and revealed competitive positions during 2020–2024, and whether these structural configurations coincided with more or less stable export outcomes. Using annual FOB export data from the International Trade Centre, destination concentration is measured through the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), revealed competitive positioning is assessed using the symmetric revealed comparative advantage (SRCA) (the symmetric transformation of the Balassa RCA), and outcome stability is summarized with volatility (coefficient of variation) and maximum drawdown computed from annual export values. The United States maintained structural diversification; Canada shifted toward high concentration; Australia preserved moderate dispersion but exhibited pronounced outcome volatility; Ukraine experienced a post-2022 reconfiguration with elevated concentration and large drawdowns, whereas the Russian Federation is reported only up to 2021 due to ITC data availability in the extraction used (thus interpreted as a pre-shock baseline). Overall, export sustainability under shocks is best interpreted as a combination of destination-risk architecture, revealed positioning, and observed stability of outcomes rather than inferred from competitiveness alone.

This study aimed to analyze the diversification and competitiveness of corn exports from the United States, Brazil, Argentina, and Ukraine during 2020–2024 through a quantitative, descriptive design using secondary data from Trade Map. Methodologically, it applied the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) to measure destination-market concentration and the normalized revealed comparative advantage (NRCA) to assess export specialization and relative competitiveness. The results indicated heterogeneous patterns: the United States experienced rising concentration toward Mexico—heightening vulnerability despite persistent advantages in Japan and Colombia; Brazil maintained low concentration and robust advantages across the Middle East and Asia; Argentina combined favorable diversification with stable advantages in Asia, Africa, and South America, albeit with a mild uptick in concentration by 2024; and Ukraine showed moderate diversification but volatile competitiveness, with structural disadvantages in Türkiye exacerbated by wartime logistics. This study concluded that export sustainability depended jointly on diversification and competitive specialization, with Brazil and Argentina exhibiting the strongest balance.