Oliwia Froń

Background: Transgenerational trauma (TT)/Intergenerational trauma (IT) is the transmission of the effects of traumatic experiences of parents to their children, who have not themselves experienced traumatic events. This transmission occurs through neurobiological and metabolic changes and the environment in which they were raised. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched from 2005 to 2025. Studies focusing on adult offspring, exposure to ancestral trauma, biological markers (DNA methylation, cortisol), and psychological outcomes were included. Results: The main study results are as follows: identification of sex-specific DNA methylation patterns in the NR3C1 gene and accelerated biological aging (GrimAge) in offspring; role of parental reflective functioning (PRF) and impaired mentalization as major psychological channels of trauma transmission; and evidence confirming the impact on three generations, manifested by treatment-resistant depressive disorders, anxiety, and neuroendocrine dysregulation (low cortisol levels). Conclusions: This article highlights the intergenerational impact of trauma and highlights its epigenetic significance. The primary goal was to explore universal epigenetic mechanisms. Early understanding of ancestral history is crucial for personalized psychiatric care.

Sexual offenses are among the most strongly condemned prohibited acts, and those whose victims are minors evoke particularly strong social outrage. Such crimes violate fundamental human rights, such as freedom and dignity, and cause serious physical and emotional consequences for the victims. Pedophilia is a psychosexual disorder classified as a paraphilia, characterized by persistent and intense sexual preferences toward children who have not yet reached puberty. From the perspective of psychology and law, pedophilia poses a serious threat to the safety and well-being of children; therefore, taking effective therapeutic and rehabilitative actions toward individuals with such tendencies is crucial. This article presents the case of a homosexual pedophile who underwent a comprehensive therapeutic and rehabilitative process in a closed institution. The process included cognitive-behavioral therapy, interventions aimed at changing cognitive schemas, and impulse control techniques. After completing therapy at the residential center, the patient continues outpatient treatment, which is an essential element of prevention and monitoring of risky behaviors. The case study allows for an analysis of the effectiveness of the applied therapeutic methods, their impact on controlling deviant behaviors, and potential challenges related to social reintegration of individuals after therapy. The article also discusses legal and ethical aspects of therapy and the dilemmas associated with the rehabilitation of perpetrators of sexual offenses against minors.

Introduction and Purpose: Sexuality in individuals with intellectual disability is often misunderstood, especially when behaviors resemble paraphilias such as pedophilia or zoophilia. Diagnostic difficulties arise from the need to distinguish true paraphilic disorders from behaviors resulting from cognitive limitations, poor judgment, and lack of sexual education. This article examines these challenges and outlines factors that may lead to pseudo-paraphilic behaviors. Material and Method: A qualitative analysis was conducted based on a case study of a 25-year-old man with moderate intellectual disability who committed sexual offenses. An interdisciplinary assessment—including psychiatric, psychological, sexological, and forensic perspectives—was used to evaluate his awareness, intent, and legal responsibility. Relevant literature was reviewed to contextualize diagnostic issues. Results: Findings show that behaviors mimicking paraphilias in this population often stem from developmental deficits, emotional tension, and limited understanding of sexuality rather than true paraphilic interest. The case illustrates the complexity of evaluating consent, motivation, and risk, as well as the difficulty in determining whether a paraphilic disorder is present. Conclusions: Assessing paraphilic behaviors in people with intellectual disability requires an individualized, holistic approach that considers cognitive, social, and educational factors. Improved sexual education and psychosocial support are essential to prevent socially inappropriate behaviors and to guide accurate clinical and legal evaluations.

Introduction and Purpose:The cosmetics industry increasingly turns to natural ingredients that improve skin appearance and support its health. Echinacea, known for its immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, is gaining popularity as an active substance in immunocosmetics — products combining care with immune support. This article reviews the dermatological potential of selected species, mainly E. purpurea, E. angustifolia and E. pallida, assessing their role in strengthening skin immunity, regeneration and protection against environmental factors. Material and Method:A qualitative review was performed using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Only peer-reviewed papers from the last decade focused on Echinacea’s dermatological effects were included; studies lacking empirical data were excluded. Results:Echinacea contains key bioactive compounds such as polyphenols (e.g., chicoric acid), alkamides and polysaccharides, which act synergistically on the skin. They reduce inflammation, neutralize free radicals and support epidermal renewal. The extracts influence immune cells like Langerhans cells and keratinocytes, enhancing innate immunity. Due to antimicrobial activity, particularly against Cutibacterium acnes, Echinacea is useful in acne care. Cosmetics with its extracts improve hydration, elasticity and may reduce wrinkles. Conclusions:Echinacea shows notable potential in immunocosmetics thanks to its multifunctional effects on skin health. Further research and careful formulation are essential for its safe and effective use in modern skincare.

Purpose: Abused child syndrome remains a significant public health concern with profound physical and psychological implications. Case description: We present a case report of a 12-year-old child who was admitted to the child inpatient psychiatric unit of a paediatric hospital with signs and...