Sami Ullah

Blasting is one of the most widely used and cost-effective techniques for rock excavation and fragmentation in open-pit mining, particularly for large-scale operations. However, repeated or poorly controlled blasting can generate excessive ground vibrations that threaten slope stability by causing structural damage, fracturing of the rock mass, and potential failure. Evaluating the effects of blast-induced vibrations is essential to ensure safe and sustainable mining operations. This study investigates the impact of blasting-induced vibrations on slope stability at the Saindak Copper-Gold Open-Pit Mine in Pakistan. A comprehensive dataset was compiled, including field-monitored ground vibration measurements—specifically peak particle velocity (PPV) and key blast design parameters such as spacing (S), burden (B), stemming length (SL), maximum charge per delay (MCPD), and distance from the blast point (D). Geomechanical properties of slope-forming rock units were validated through laboratory testing. Slope stability was analyzed using pseudo-static limit equilibrium methods (LEMs) based on the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion, employing four approaches: Fellenius, Janbu, Bishop, and Spencer. Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses quantified the influence of blasting parameters on slope behavior, and sensitivity analysis determined the cumulative distribution of slope failure and dynamic response under increasing seismic loads. FoS values were calculated for both east and west pit slopes under static and dynamic conditions. Among all methods, Spencer consistently yielded the highest FoS values. Under static conditions, FoS was 1.502 for the east slope and 1.254 for the west. Under dynamic loading, FoS declined to 1.308 and 1.102, reductions of 12.9% and 11.3%, respectively, as calculated using the Spencer method. The east slope exhibited greater stability due to its gentler angle. Correlation analysis revealed that burden had a significant negative impact (r = −0.81) on stability. Sensitivity analysis showed that stability deteriorates notably when PPV exceeds 10.9 mm/s. Although daily blasting did not critically compromise stability, the west slope showed greater vulnerability, underscoring the need for stricter control of blasting energy to mitigate vibration-induced instability and promote long-term operational sustainability.

Creep is a time-dependent plastic deformation that occurs in materials subjected to sustained underground stresses. This phenomenon is particularly significant in rocksalt, where understanding its behavior is critical due to its direct impact on mining operations and the long-term stability of underground structures. This study investigates the creep behavior of rocksalt from the Khewra Mine, located in Pakistan, through a combination of laboratory testing and numerical analysis. Triaxial creep tests were conducted on selected samples from the Khewra Salt Mine, and the resulting data were incorporated into a numerical model. Due to limited resources, certain parameters were assumed based on data from the Asse Mine in Germany. A symmetrical single-pillar model was developed in FLAC3D to simulate the mechanical response, using dilatancy and failure strength criteria to evaluate the pillar's utilization factor. The simulation results indicate the early formation of micro-fractures throughout the pillar, while macro-fractures gradually develop along its outer boundary over time. Zones between 3.4 and 4.1 meters from the center show significantly high tensile stresses, suggesting potential instability and risk of failure at the pillar's edges. These findings highlight the need for a more comprehensive investigation of the mechanical properties and creep behavior of Khewra rocksalt to ensure safe and sustainable mining practices.