Jakub Rybowski

Chronic stress, particularly in the context of post-traumatic stress disorder, has significant implications for oral health due to its multifaceted physiological, psychological, and behavioral effects. This review outlines the key mechanisms and clinical consequences of chronic stress on oral health outcomes, drawing on findings from a systematic review of 16 studies. Post-traumatic stress disorder has been strongly associated with an increased prevalence of periodontitis, bruxism, xerostomia, and temporomandibular disorders. Chronic activation of the stress response disrupts autonomic regulation and systemic immune function, exacerbating oral health conditions. Behavioral factors such as poor oral hygiene and increased tobacco use further contribute to periodontal disease, while psychological stress amplifies pain perception in conditions like temporomandibular disorders and chronic orofacial pain. Pharmacological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, while effective in managing psychological symptoms, frequently cause hyposalivation, leading to xerostomia and increased risk of dental caries and periodontal disease. Bruxism, prevalent among individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder, is strongly linked to elevated stress levels, resulting in significant wear and damage to teeth, as well as contributing to orofacial pain and temporomandibular disorders. Insomnia and sleep disturbances, common among post-traumatic stress disorder sufferers, impair immune function and tissue regeneration, further heightening susceptibility to oral infections and delaying wound healing. The bidirectional relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic orofacial pain underscores the need for integrated care that addresses both physical and psychological health. Multidisciplinary approaches incorporating trauma-informed care and tailored oral health interventions are critical for mitigating the oral health challenges faced by individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder. These strategies not only improve oral health outcomes but also enhance overall well-being by addressing systemic inflammation and psychological distress. Future research should focus on optimizing treatment protocols and fostering collaboration between dental and mental health professionals.

Background. Physical activity is a key component of a healthy lifestyle, aimed at improving physical fitness and overall health. However, intense physical exertion may have a negative impact on oral health. Managing these aspects in the context of dental prevention is crucial, balancing physical activity with oral health care. The aim of this study is to raise awareness among professional athletes and recreational sports participants about the bidirectional relationship between physical activity and oral health. Material and methods. PubMed and ResearchGate databases were included for a thorough analysis of the impact of controlled physical activity on oral health and the influence of oral health on athletic performance and peri-training recovery.Description of the state of knowledge. The analyzed studies indicate that physical activity can have both beneficial and adverse effects on the oral health of athletes. The positive effects of physical activity include improved blood circulation in tissues, decreased the number of pathogenic microorganisms, reduced stress levels, which is a risk factor for various conditions, including periodontitis. On the other hand, studies also reveal the negative effects of overtraining on oral health. Dehydration leads to dry mouth. The consumption of energy drinks and sugar-rich gels by athletes, as well as mouth breathing during intense exercise, further exacerbates issues related to oral dryness and enamel erosion.Conclusions. Intense physical activity has been shown to negatively affect oral health, causing dryness, caries, and periodontal damage, while good oral health enhances performance and recovery. A balanced approach to physical activity and oral health care is particularly essential for athletes.

Introduction: Broccoli sprouts, the young shoots of Brassica oleracea, are rich in sulforaphane (SFN), a bioactive compound with strong antioxidant and chemopreventive properties. SFN helps reduce oxidative stress, detoxify carcinogens, and regulate cellular pathways linked to cancer development. Other compounds present, such as polyphenols and glucosinolates, further enhance their health benefits. Due to their accessibility and high SFN content, broccoli sprouts are gaining attention as a complementary strategy in cancer prevention. Aim: This study aims to review current evidence on the anticancer properties of broccoli sprouts, focusing on SFN’s mechanisms in cancer prevention and therapy, including its role in cellular defense, apoptosis, and epigenetic regulation. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, covering studies from 2015 to 2025. Research on the effects of SFN in preclinical models, human trials, and epidemiological studies was analyzed. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were evaluated to assess SFN’s relevance to human cancer prevention and treatment. Results: SFN shows anticancer activity through activation of the Nrf2 pathway, induction of apoptosis, and modulation of the cell cycle. Preclinical and in vitro studies report reduced tumor growth, suppressed proliferation, and enhanced detoxification. SFN also influences gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms. While clinical data are limited, early evidence supports a role for broccoli sprouts in reducing cancer risk. Conclusions: Broccoli sprouts offer strong potential as a functional food in cancer prevention, thanks to their SFN content and multifaceted biological effects. Further clinical research is needed to confirm efficacy, dosage, and safety in humans. Their affordability and availability make them a promising tool for public health.

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and coffee (Coffea spp.) are beverages rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Their regular consumption may positively influence oral health by modulating the oral microbiome, reducing oxidative stress, and supporting tissue regeneration. Studies indicate that yerba mate may inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, while coffee, due to its antioxidant content, enhances protective mechanisms against oral cancers. This paper analyzes the beneficial effects of these beverages on oral health and their potential role in cancer prevention.

Purpose: The aim of this literature review is to analyze existing studies on the relationship between sleep and obesity, with a focus on how sleep quality, duration, and circadian rhythm disruptions influence obesity development. It also identifies biological mechanisms, such as changes in appetite-regulating hormones, and evaluates the effectiveness of sleep-related interventions in obesity prevention and treatment. Methodology: A systematic review of scientific literature was conducted, including clinical trials, cohort studies, and meta-analyses from the last 10 years. The review examined various populations and age groups, focusing on the impact of sleep duration, quality, and circadian rhythm disturbances on obesity. Findings: Results consistently show that poor sleep quality and short sleep duration (<6 hours) are associated with higher BMI, increased waist circumference, and visceral fat. Sleep disturbances impact hormones like ghrelin and leptin, promoting overeating. Circadian disruptions from shift work or social jetlag further contribute to abdominal fat. Sleep improvement interventions have shown promising effects on weight reduction, though long-term impact requires more study. Conclusions: This review highlights the important role of sleep in obesity development. Poor sleep duration and quality, along with circadian misalignment, are linked to weight gain and metabolic dysfunction. While sleep-targeted interventions show potential for improving metabolic health and aiding weight loss, further research is needed to fully understand underlying mechanisms and lasting effects. Integrating sleep management into obesity prevention and treatment could offer a valuable strategy to address the global obesity epidemic.

Purpose: This paper aims to critically review the latest research on β‐alanine supplementation, examining its impact on muscle performance, endurance, and overall athletic output. In addition, the study explores the supplement’s systemic effects - including metabolic regulation and cognitive function - while addressing optimal dosing strategies and potential health risks.Methodology: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using multiple scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The selection criteria prioritized clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses that investigated the effects of β‐alanine on muscular function, metabolic parameters, and cognitive outcomes. Studies were evaluated for their methodological rigor, relevance, and practical applications, with special attention given to the mechanisms underlying β‐alanine’s role in increasing muscle carnosine levels and mitigating exercise-induced fatigue.Findings: The review found that β‐alanine supplementation effectively elevates muscle carnosine levels, enhancing the muscle’s buffering capacity against acid accumulation during high-intensity exercise. This biochemical improvement is associated with delayed onset of fatigue and enhanced performance in short-duration, high-intensity activities. Additionally, emerging evidence suggests that β‐alanine may offer ancillary benefits, such as improved glucose regulation, reduced oxidative stress, and potential cognitive enhancements under stressful conditions. Conclusions: β‐alanine supplementation represents a promising ergogenic aid for athletes, with multifaceted benefits that extend beyond muscle performance to include metabolic and cognitive health. Current research supports its efficacy in improving anaerobic performance and delaying fatigue. These insights can guide athletes, trainers, and healthcare professionals in the strategic integration of β‐alanine into performance and recovery regimens.

Purpose: The purpose of this review is to analise current scientific literature regarding the impact of glutamine supplementation on muscle repair, post-exercise recovery, and skeletal muscle preservation. It also examines the biological pathways through which glutamine may exert its effects, including modulation of inflammation and enhancement of protein turnover. Methodology: A review of scientific literature was performed, focusing on studies investigating the effects of glutamine supplementation on skeletal muscle recovery and function. The review includes experimental studies, clinical trials, and narrative reviews involving both athletic and clinical populations, with attention to various training conditions, health statuses, and supplementation strategies. Findings: The evidence indicates that glutamine can support recovery processes by mitigating muscle inflammation, improving redox balance, and promoting anabolic signalling. However, the degree of effectiveness varies, with more pronounced benefits observed in clinical and stress-related conditions compared to healthy individuals. The influence of dosage, supplementation timing, and individual variability remains a key consideration. Conclusions: Glutamine shows potential as a supportive agent in muscle regeneration, particularly in contexts of physical stress, illness, or injury. Further studies are needed to define its role in athletic, healthy populations and to optimize administration strategies based on individual needs and health status.

Tobacco harm reduction (THR) strategies aim to minimize the adverse health effects of smoking while allowing nicotine consumption. Heated tobacco products (HTPs) such as IQOS® have been marketed as a less harmful alternative to conventional cigarettes. This literature review examines the chemical composition of IQOS® emissions compared to traditional cigarettes, dispels common myths, and evaluates its impact on the human physiological system, including the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, long-term carcinogenic risks, and physical performance. Studies indicate that IQOS® emissions contain lower levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) than conventional cigarettes, but concerns remain regarding certain toxicants, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein. The product is often perceived as a safer alternative; however, research suggests that its health risks may not be significantly reduced. IQOS® has been linked to pulmonary and cardiovascular effects, oxidative stress, and potential carcinogenic risks. Additionally, its impact on physical performance and metabolism remains unclear. While IQOS® may provide some advantages over traditional cigarettes, misinformation and its appeal to young users raise public health concerns. Further long-term research is necessary to assess its full impact on human health and athletic performance.

The process of wound healing after oral surgery is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by multiple factors, including proper nutrition. Nutrients, both micro- and macronutrients, play a crucial role in oral tissue regeneration by supporting collagen synthesis, cell proliferation, and modulation of inflammation. Vitamins, minerals, and an adequate intake of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates can accelerate the healing process and reduce the risk of complications. The aim of this study is to analyze the available literature on the impact of diet on regenerative processes in the oral cavity, with a particular focus on the role of micro- and macronutrients, as well as the microbiota, and to determine optimal dietary recommendations for patients undergoing oral surgical procedures.

Purpose: This study aims to review the current literature on the effects of beetroot juice supplementation on physical performance, training adaptation, and safety. It explores the mechanisms through which nitrates in beetroot juice enhance performance and investigates potential limitations of long-term supplementation. Methodology: A systematic review of scientific articles was conducted, focusing on studies related to the ergogenic effects of beetroot juice. The review includes clinical trials, meta-analyses, and research on various sports disciplines and populations. Findings: The review suggests that beetroot juice supplementation improves exercise performance by enhancing blood flow, reducing oxygen consumption, and supporting muscle recovery. However, there are some limitations regarding the effectiveness in different populations and the long-term safety of regular use. Conclusions: Beetroot juice is a promising natural ergogenic supplement, but further research is needed to address gaps in knowledge about its effects on various athletic populations and to determine optimal dosage and supplementation protocols.